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The third generation Calphad description of Al-C including revisions of pure Al and C
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Structures. KTH Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7920-7084
Linde Gas AB, Solna, Sweden.;Sandvik Coromant R&D, Stockholm, Sweden..
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering. KTH Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden.;Thermocalc Software AB, Rasundavagen 18, Solna, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8493-9802
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Structures. KTH Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5031-919X
2021 (English)In: Calphad, ISSN 0364-5916, E-ISSN 1873-2984, Vol. 72, article id 102250Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

New descriptions of pure Al and liquid C were developed and used to describe the Al-C system for the third generation of Calphad databases. The stable phases of the elements are described with a single expression for the entire temperature range. The expression is based on the Einstein model and an important parameter is therefore the Einstein temperature. For the metastable phases, the difference in entropy between stable and metastable phases is used to calculate the Einstein temperature for the metastable allotrope. In this way we avoid breaking the third law of thermodynamics, which would be the consequence if the SGTE lattice stabilities were used. The liquid-amorphous phase for the pure substances and for the binary is described with the two-state model. For the pure substances, we introduce a zero-point entropy that is related to the entropy of melting. The heat capacity of the liquid of the pure substances approaches 3R at high temperatures if the electronic contribution is subtracted. The Al-C system has one stable carbide, Al4C3, which is described with a model equivalent to that used for the solid unary phases but with two Einstein functions. In Al-C, the FCC phase is stable and its metastable end-member, Al1C1, is described with a new model, here called the hybrid model, as it combines the Einstein model (giving the harmonic contribution) and the Neumann-Kopp relationship (adding the additional contributions) to describe the heat capacity. Its Einstein temperature is estimated and its formation energy is obtained from DFT calculations. The total energy of the end-members of the metastable phases BCC(Al1C3) and HCP(Al1C0.5) is calculated with DFT and their Einstein temperatures are estimated using the mass-effect model. The Al-C system was chosen because it is a simple system without magnetism and the results show that the proposed models can reproduce experimental information well. When only one temperature range is used to describe the solid phases, they may be re-stabilized at high temperatures and the recently presented equal-entropy criterion (EEC) is used to exclude solid phases with higher entropy than the liquid.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2021. Vol. 72, article id 102250
Keywords [en]
3rd generation, Al-C, Calphad, Unary, Compound
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292483DOI: 10.1016/j.calphad.2021.102250ISI: 000623906800003Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85099637052OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-292483DiVA, id: diva2:1543607
Note

QC 20210412

Available from: 2021-04-12 Created: 2021-04-12 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Developing the third generation Calphad models and descriptions: a journey from unary to higher-order systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Developing the third generation Calphad models and descriptions: a journey from unary to higher-order systems
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The third generation Calphad descriptions aim to provide more accurate computational thermodynamics for an extended temperature range, i.e. from 0 K to high temperatures. In order to achieve such a goal, new Calphad models are needed. This thesis work has been performed to comprehensively study the existing third generation Calphad models and also to develop new ones.

To be able to move forward towards higher-order systems, one issue addressed in this work is how to improve the extrapolation treatment for solid phases from that used in the second generation Calphad descriptions. Thus, the first outcome of this work is that a new extrapolation treatment has been proposed.

For higher-order systems, focus was first given to developing the third generation Calphad models for compounds and end-members of solution phases. A so-called "hybrid'' model has been developed in this work to model compounds and end-members obeying the third law of thermodynamics. Furthermore, how to model the magnetic and chemical ordering effects has been studied. The revised IHJ (Inden-Hillert-Jarl) model has been successfully used in the present work to describe the magnetic ordering effects of solution phases with complex magnetic behaviour. It has also been demonstrated through the study of the Fe-Ni system that a reliable magnetic description is critical for obtaining an accurate thermodynamic description. The partitioning model has been applied to model chemical ordering effects. However, some issues remain for modelling the chemical ordering effect which have been discussed in this work. To extrapolate the binary descriptions into a ternary system, the EBEF (Effective Bond Energy Formalism) has been used to describe the bcc, fcc and sigma phases in the Cr-Fe-Ni system. The extrapolation results show that more reliable data are needed in order to further verify the usefulness of this formalism.

The model parameters of the third generation Calphad models have been extensively analysed in this work. Accordingly, some methods have been proposed to estimate the model parameters, e.g. the Einstein temperature and the electronic heat capacity coefficient. Some of these methods are based on DFT calculations which demonstrates one way to make use of DFT-calculated data for Calphad modelling.

Abstract [sv]

Den tredje generationens Calphad-beskrivningar syftar till att tillhandahålla mer exakt beräkningstermodynamik för ett utökat temperaturområde, dvs från 0 K till höga temperaturer. För att nå ett sådant mål behövs därför nya Calphad-modeller. Denna avhandling har utförts för att heltäckande studera existerande tredje generationens Calphad-modeller men även utveckla nya modeller.

För att kunna flytta fram arbetet med tredje generationens Calphad till system av högre ordning, är en fråga som tas upp i detta arbete att förbättra extrapoleringen för fasta faser från den som användes i andra generationens Calphad-beskrivningar. Det första resultatet av detta arbete är alltså att en ny extrapoleringsbehandling har föreslagits.

För system av högre ordning lades fokus först på att utveckla tredje generationens Calphad-modeller för föreningar och lösningsfasers änd-punkter. En så kallad "hybrid"-modell har utvecklats i detta arbete för att modellera föreningar och sådana slutpunkter och lyda termodynamikens tredje lag. Vidare har jag studerat hur de magnetiska och kemiska ordningseffekterna kan modelleras. Den reviderade IHJ-modellen (Inden-Hillert-Jarl) har framgångsrikt använts i detta arbete för att beskriva de magnetiska ordningseffekterna hos lösningsfaser med komplexa magnetiska beteenden. Det har också visat sig genom studiet av Fe-Ni-systemet att en tillförlitlig magnetisk beskrivning är avgörande för en korrekt termodynamisk beskrivning. Partitioneringsmodellen har tillämpats för att modellera kemiska ordningseffekter. Vissa frågor kvarstår dock för modellering av den kemiska ordningseffekten vilket diskuteras i detta arbete. För att extrapolera de binära beskrivningarna till ett ternärt system har EBEF (Effective Bond Energy Formalism) använts för att beskriva faserna bcc, fcc och sigma i Cr-Fe-Ni-systemet. Extrapoleringsresultaten visar att mer tillförlitliga data behövs för att ytterligare verifiera hur användbar denna formalism är.

Modellparametrarna för tredje generationens Calphad-modeller har analyserats utförligt i detta arbete. Följaktligen har några metoder föreslagits för att uppskatta modellparametrarna, t.ex. Einstein-temperaturen och den elektroniska värmekapacitetskoefficienten. Vissa av dessa metoder är baserade på DFT-beräkningar som visar ett sätt att använda DFT-beräknade data för Calphad-modellering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 46
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2022:11
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-310956 (URN)978-91-8040-206-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-05-19, Kollegiesalen, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_h3jGiyiAQmqBwAPYirXn5g, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2022-04-13 Created: 2022-04-13 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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He, ZhangtingMao, HuahaiSelleby, Malin

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