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Network design for line-based autonomous bus services
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Transport planning.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9447-2823
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Transport planning. Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4506-0459
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Transport planning.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4106-3126
2022 (English)In: Transportation, ISSN 0049-4488, E-ISSN 1572-9435, Vol. 49, no 2, p. 467-502Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The maturing of autonomous driving technology in recent years has led to several pilot projects and the initial integration of autonomous pods and buses into the public transport (PT) system. An emerging field of interest is the design of public transport networks operating autonomous buses and the potential to attract higher levels of travel demand. In this work a multi-objective optimization and multi-agent simulation framework is developed to study potential changes in the network design and frequency settings compared to conventional PT systems when autonomous vehicles (AV) systems are deployed on fixed-route networks. During the optimization process multiple deployment scenarios (network configurations and service frequency) are evaluated and optimized considering the operator cost, user cost and infrastructure preparation costs of the system. User-focused network design and operator-focused network design are studied for a real-world urban area in Sweden. The results provide insights into the network design and level of service implications brought about by the deployment of autonomous bus (AB) when those are integrated in route-based PT systems. We show that the deployment of autonomous buses result with a network design that increases service ridership. In the context of our case study this increase is likely to primarily substitute walking.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2022. Vol. 49, no 2, p. 467-502
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292901DOI: 10.1007/s11116-021-10183-7ISI: 000628070400001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85102500377OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-292901DiVA, id: diva2:1544630
Funder
Integrated Transport Research Lab (ITRL)Vinnova
Note

QC 20221025

Available from: 2021-04-15 Created: 2021-04-15 Last updated: 2023-10-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Simulation and optimization of innovative urban transportation systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Simulation and optimization of innovative urban transportation systems
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The ongoing trends of urbanization and e-commerce continuously challenge the existing urban transportation systems. A steadily growing number of people traveling within urban areas, results in more trips taken with public transportation systems. Additionally, the constantly increasing number of urban logistic operations leads to more commercial vehicles in cities. These ongoing trends and the need for more sustainable operations require the design of robust and efficient transportation systems which additionally provide a high level of service for their users. In recent years, two innovative approaches have been proposed to overcome these challenges. That is, first, the use of autonomous buses as a replacement, or an addition to existing public transportation systems, and second, the consideration of consolidating multiple types of demand (i.e. passenger and freight) when planning and designing transportation systems. In this thesis, both approaches are studied and their impact on urban transportation systems is evaluated. This is achieved by developing novel simulation-based optimization models that consider technology-specific cost structures and capture the changed mode of operation for different vehicle technologies.

In Papers I and II the deployment of autonomous buses on fixed-line public transportation networks is investigated. Changes in service frequency, vehicle capacity, and metrics corresponding to the level of service for public transportation users due to new vehicle technology are investigated. Furthermore, Paper I explores the transition from conventional public transportation systems to systems operated by autonomous buses, while Paper II investigates the changes in network design due to autonomous bus operations. The developed models are applied to case studies in Kista, Sweden, and Barkarby, Sweden. Two key results can be identified in these studies. First, autonomous bus deployment leads to an increase in service frequency, while waiting time for passengers can be reduced. Second, more passengers are attracted to autonomous bus lines by reducing the access walking distances and increased level-of-service. On more complex networks these trends are amplified. 

In each of Papers III and IV, a novel pickup and delivery model is proposed. The models consider vehicle concepts which allow for the consolidated transport of multiple demand types. In Paper III the vehicles can serve different types of demand by exchanging purpose-specific modules at dedicated service depots, while in Paper IV individual demand-specific vehicles can form platoons with modular length and varying configuration. The results of the extensive scenario studies and parameter analysis show that for multi-purpose vehicle operations (Paper III) the total costs can be reduced by an average of 13% and for platoon operations (Paper IV) the total costs are reduced by over 48%. In both models, the cost savings stem mainly from a reduction in fleet size, total vehicle trip duration, and the total distance traveled.

Abstract [sv]

De pågående trenderna med urbanisering och e-handel utmanar kontinuerligt de befintliga stadstransportsystemen. Ett stadigt växande antal människor som reser inom tätorter leder till fler resor med kollektivtrafik (PT). Dessutom leder det ständigt ökande antalet urbana logistikverksamheter till fler kommersiella fordon i städerna. Dessa pågående trender och behovet av mer hållbar verksamhet kräver design av robusta och effektiva transportsystem som dessutom ger en hög servicenivå för sina användare. Under de senaste åren har två innovativa tillvägagångssätt föreslagits för att övervinna dessa utmaningar. Det vill säga, för det första, användningen av autonoma bussar (AB) som en ersättning, eller ett tillägg till befintliga PT-system, och för det andra, övervägandet av att konsolidera flera typer av efterfrågan (dvs. passagerare och gods) vid planering och utformning av transportsystem. I denna avhandling studeras båda tillvägagångssätten och deras inverkan på stadstransportsystem utvärderas. Detta uppnås genom att utveckla nya simuleringsbaserade optimeringsmodeller som tar hänsyn till teknikspecifika kostnadsstrukturer och fångar det förändrade driftsättet för olika fordonsteknologier.

I Paper I och II undersöks utbyggnaden av AB på fasta PT-nät. Förändringar i servicefrekvens, fordonskapacitet och mått som motsvarar servicenivån för PT-användare på grund av ny fordonsteknik undersöks. Vidare undersöker Paper I den sekventiella  övergången från konventionella PT-system till system som drivs av AB, medan Paper II undersöker förändringarna i nätverksdesign på grund av AB-drift. De utvecklade modellerna tillämpas på fallstudier i Kista, Sverige och Barkarby, Sverige. Två nyckelresultat kan identifieras i dessa studier. För det första leder AB-insatsen till en ökad servicefrekvens, samtidigt som väntetiden för passagerarna kan minskas. För det andra lockas fler passagerare till linjer med AB genom att gångavstånden minskas och servicenivån ökas. På mer komplexa nätverk förstärks dessa trender.

I vart och ett av dokumenten III och IV föreslås en ny modell för hämtning och leverans. Modellerna tar hänsyn till fordonskoncept som möjliggör konsoliderad transport för olika typer av efterfrågan. I Paper III kan fordonen betjäna olika typer av efterfrågan genom att byta ut ändamålsspecifika moduler på dedikerade servicedepåer, medan i Paper IV kan individuella behovsspecifika fordon bilda plutoner med modullängd och varierande konfiguration. Resultaten av de omfattande scenariestudierna och parameteranalysen visar att för multi-purpose vehicle operations (Paper III) kan de totala kostnaderna minskas med i genomsnitt 13% och för pluton operationer (Paper IV) de totala kostnaderna minskas med över 48%. I båda modellerna härrör kostnadsbesparingarna huvudsakligen från en minskning av flottans storlek, totala fordonsresan och den totala tillryggalagda sträckan.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 46
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2225
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science, Transport Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311840 (URN)978-91-8040-256-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-06-14, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH Campus, videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65778805858, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 20220518

Available from: 2022-05-18 Created: 2022-05-16 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Hatzenbühler, JonasCats, OdedJenelius, Erik

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