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Comparison of Two Dilution and Conditioning Systems for Particle Number Measurements along the Exhaust After-Treatment System of an HD Diesel Engine
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8402-9980
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7460-4232
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2457-0257
2021 (English)In: SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-0619, 2021., SAE International , 2021Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In heavy-duty engines, Euro VI legislation regulates the total particle number (PN) in the exhaust based on the particle measurement program (PMP) guidelines. By PMP directives, the exhaust sample is diluted and conditioned to contain non-volatile particles before measuring the PN. The fraction of non-volatile and volatile particles changes along the exhaust after-treatment system and could affect the total PN measured. Therefore, it is of interest to compare the performance of the dilution systems at different positions along the after-treatment system. For this purpose, a standard PMP compliant two-stage dilution system (DS1) with evaporation tube (ET) was compared with a close coupled two-stage ejector dilution system (DS2). In DS2, the non-volatile PN was measured with a dilution temperature of 350°C (same as the DS1 ET temperature) while the volatile PN was measured with a dilution temperature of 150°C. Experiments were carried out on a heavy-duty Euro VI engine equipped with an after-treatment system consisting of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), diesel particulate filter (DPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) unit (with AdBlue injection) followed by ammonia slip catalyst. Sampling was made at four locations along the exhaust after-treatment system while varying the exhaust conditions namely temperature, flow rate and fuel injection pressure to vary the total PN concentration and the fraction of nucleation and accumulation mode particles from the engine. The total PN was measured using a condensation particle counter (CPC) and the particle number distribution using an Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer spectrometer (EEPS). An overall comparison shows that at higher fractions of nucleation mode particles, before the DPF, DS1 exhibited losses in nucleation mode particle in comparison with DS2. Whereas after the DPF, the loss was minimal. After the SCR, the nucleation of salt particles during excess AdBlue injection events was captured only by DS1. During motoring operation, emitting high volatile particle concentration, DS2's capacity does not seem to suffice to fully evaporate the volatile material as DS2 relies on the heat capacity of hot dilution air whereas DS1 uses an externally powered heater.

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAE International , 2021.
Series
SAE Technical Papers, ISSN 0148-7191, E-ISSN 2688-3627
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293071DOI: 10.4271/2021-01-0619Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85107040586OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-293071DiVA, id: diva2:1545599
Conference
SAE WCX Digital Summit
Note

QC 20210511

Available from: 2021-04-19 Created: 2021-04-19 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Particle Characterization in the Exhaust Devices of Direct Injection Engines
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Particle Characterization in the Exhaust Devices of Direct Injection Engines
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Minimizing pollutants are of utmost importance to ensure sustainability in transportation. Particle emissions from internal combustion engines are especially harmful to human health, while also contributing to global warming.  In an effort to counteract climate change and enhance air quality, various technological solutions are currently being scrutinized with the objective to abate transport emissions. Increasing focus has been directed towards electric powertrain solutions, prompting the development of battery technology, charging systems and power grid infrastructure. However, given the present uncertainty around the time and resources required for the electrification of heavy-duty transport, it would be worth investigating advanced solutions for reducing tailpipe emissions from internal combustion engine vehicles. 

This current research work investigates the evolution of exhaust particles along the exhaust and after-treatment system of a heavy-duty engine. The findings presented in this thesis can be used for devising effective particle emission mitigation techniques. The impact on particle number (PN) and distribution was evaluated for individual exhaust system devices, namely: a periodic particle grouping pipe, a turbocharger turbine, and a selective reduction catalyst (SCR). 

A specially designed periodic particle grouping pipe, intended to increase particle grouping did not prompt particulate grouping and the reduction of non-volatile particle number in the exhaust system. Particles smaller than 50 nm were observed to be predominant in the exhaust stream and showed no relevant response to induced periodic grouping. 

Exhaust conditions such as temperature, flow-rate and initial particle concentration influence the number and distribution of particles entering the turbine of the turbocharger. At low loads, the turbine caused particle fragmentation due to impingement, increasing the PN in size range 30 to 200 nm. On the other hand, temperatures above 400°C at the turbine inlet promoted soot oxidation, enabling the reduction of the PN at high loads.

When operating the engine at high loads with increased NOx emissions and high exhaust temperatures, excess urea injection upstream of the SCR catalyst triggered the formation of ammonium salts in the exhaust stream. Subsequently, a surge in particles less than 23 nm was observed across the SCR catalyst, leading to a NOx-PN trade off.

As the nature of particle emissions changes along the after-treatment system, sample conditioning may affect PN readings. To this purpose, the impact of sample conditioning procedure and of the adopted diluter type on PN measurements was also investigated. PN measurements were carried out using two different dilutions systems: a two-stage rotating disk diluter with an evaporation tube and a two-stage ejector diluter with hot air dilution. Motoring tests outlined that volatile particle removal is enhanced using the rotating disk diluter.

In conclusion, it is not only the DPF which impacts tailpipe emissions, but also the turbocharger turbine and the SCR under certain conditions. A comprehensive method has been devised and presented to select a suitable dilution and conditioning system while evaluating PN measurements in the exhaust devices.

Abstract [sv]

För att säkerställa en hållbar framtida transportsektor så är det av yttersta vikt att mängden farliga emissioner från transportsektorn minimeras. Utsläpp av partiklar från förbränningsmotorer är mycket skadliga för människors hälsa, och de är också en bidragande faktor till global uppvärmning. I ett försök att motverka klimatförändringarna och förbättra luftkvaliteten undersöks, världen över, olika tekniska lösningar för att minska utsläppen från transportsektorn. Elektriska fordon har fått ökat fokus vilket driver på behovet av utveckling av batteriteknologi, laddningssystem samt kraftnätets infrastruktur. Men med tanke på nuvarande osäkerhet gällande tidsram och nödvändiga resurser för elektrifiering av tung transport så krävs fortsatt forskning omkring avancerade lösningar för att reducera emissioner från förbränningsmotorer. 

Projektet undersöker förändringar i partikelsammansättningen i avgaserna utmed avgassystemet i en tung förbränningsmotor. Resultaten från den här avhandlingen kan användas för att utforma effektiva tekniker för att minimera partikelemissioner i motorns avgaser genom att ge en djupare förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar partiklar i avgassystemet. Det utvärderas hur partikelantal (PN) samt storleksfördelningen påverkas i avgassystemet genom att titta på effekten av de olika komponenterna och utformningen av avgassystemet. De komponenter som undersöktes var: ett periodiskt partikelgrupperingsrör, en turboladdare, och en selektiv reduktionskatalysator (SCR). 

Ett specialdesignat periodiskt partikelgrupperingsrör, med syfte att öka partiklarnas förmåga att agglomerera till färre och större partiklar, minskade inte antalet icke-volatila partiklar i avgassystemet på en förbränningsmotor. Majoriteten av partiklarna i avgaserna hade en diameter under 50 nm. Dessa små partiklar påverkades inte signifikant av den inducerade periodiska rörelsen.

Avgastillstånd, såsom temperatur, flödeshastighet och initial koncentration av partiklar ut ur motorn påverkar storleksfördelningen och partikelantalet som går in i turboladdarens turbin. Vid låg last, leder kollisionerna med turbinens blad till fragmentering av partiklarna vilket ökar antalet partiklar i storleksordningen 30 till 200 nm efter turbinen. Avgastemperaturer över 400 ℃ vid turbinens inlopp främjar oxidation av sot, vilket möjliggör ytterligare reduktion av partikelantal vid högre last.

Vid högre laster med ökade utsläpp av kväveoxider (NOx) samt höga avgastemperaturer, kan ett överskott av insprutad urea uppströms SCR katalysatorn leda till att ammoniumsalter bildas i avgasströmmen. Detta ger en ökning av partiklar under 23 nm över katalysatorn, vilket ger en avvägning mellan utsläpp av NOx kontra PN. 

Eftersom partikel emissionerna förändras över avgassystemet så kan även den valda provkonditioneringen påverka partikelmätningarna. Därför undersöktes hur mätningarna påverkas av provkonditionering och valet av spädare undersöktes också. Mätningar av partikel antalet genomfördes med två olika spädare: en tvåstegs roterande skivspädare med en förångningsdel, samt en tvåstegs ejektorspädare med varmluftsspädning. De test som utfördes vid körning utan last visar att mätningarna av volatila partiklar påverkas mer (minskar) vid användandet av den roterande skivspädaren. 

Sammanfattningsvis visar detta forskningsprojekt att partikelemissionerna i motorns avgaser inte enbart påverkas av partikelfiltret (DPF). Turboladdaren och SCR-katalysatorn har också viss påverkan på partikelemissionerna under vissa förhållanden. En övergripande metod för att välja en passande spädning samt provkonditionering för mätning av partikel antalet i förbränningsmotorernas avgassystem har verifierats och presenterats.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 74
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2021:18
Keywords
Particle number, Particle size distribution, turbocharger, SCR, Exhaust after-treatment system, Particle dilution and conditioning, Partikelantal, storleksfördelning av partiklar, turboladdare, SCR, efterbehandlingssystem, avgasbehandlingssystem, partikelspädning och partikelanpassad mätmetod
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293786 (URN)978-91-7873-858-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-05-28, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65573587407, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-05-04 Created: 2021-05-02 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Publisher's full textScopushttps://saemobilus.sae.org/content/2021-01-0619/

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Karuppasamy, Arun PrasathBernemyr, HannaChristiansen Erlandsson, Anders

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