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Semi-Predictive Modeling of Diluted Ethanol and Methanol Combustion in Conventional Spark Ignition Operation
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0705-2677
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2457-0257
2021 (English)In: SAE technical paper series, ISSN 0148-7191, E-ISSN 2688-3627Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Alcohols offer high resistance to autoignition which is necessary to attain the required load in heavy duty (HD) spark ignition (SI) engines. Dilution increases thermal efficiency and reduces propensity to autoignition making it an important combustion strategy. Reliable and robust prediction at increased dilution is necessary to support development of high efficiency spark ignition engines and the transition to renewable fuels. A previous experimental study demonstrated 25 bar gross IMEPg for ethanol and methanol at λ=1.4 excess air ratio and over 48% indicated efficiency at λ=1.6 on a single cylinder engine. Based on this dataset, a semi-predictive model (SITurb) was fitted for a range of excess air ratios and engine loads. With the default model, poor accuracy was observed above λ=1.4. Ignition delay was incorrectly predicted at λ=1.6 and λ=1.8. To improve the prediction at high dilution, an improved laminar flame speed correlation was included which reduced the ignition delay error to within ±3 CAD over the range of tested excess air ratios. To improve prediction of burn duration at high dilution, the turbulent flame speed calibration constant was made dependent on dilution level similar to previous research. With both improvements, under ±5% error in IMEPg and under ±3 CAD error in burn duration was achieved at all dilution levels. Finally, the Douaud and Eyzat knock model was evaluated with respect to full load operation of ethanol and methanol and its agreement to knock limited phasing discussed. Semi-predictive models are simple to implement and will be instrumental in gas exchange modeling and optimization of HD SI engines using future alcohol fuels. This study provides the accuracy of standard models and improvements needed to predict performance at diluted conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2021.
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293417DOI: 10.4271/2021-01-0386Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85104866274OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-293417DiVA, id: diva2:1546894
Note

QC 20210517

Available from: 2021-04-23 Created: 2021-04-23 Last updated: 2025-08-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Mitigating Knock in Heavy Duty Spark Ignition Engines: Experiments and simulations of diluted ethanol and methanol combustion
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mitigating Knock in Heavy Duty Spark Ignition Engines: Experiments and simulations of diluted ethanol and methanol combustion
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

To effectively reduce fossil fuel dependence in the transport sector, an unprecedented increase in renewable fuel production is required. Short chain alcohols, such as ethanol and methanol, are well placed as they can be produced in a variety of renewable pathways from most carbon sources. Due to its high autoignition resistance, ethanol and methanol cannot be used as drop-in fuels in compression ignition engines that are prevalent in the heavy duty (HD) transport sector but can be an immense advantage when used in HD spark ignition (SI) engines.

One crucial disadvantage experienced by HD SI engines is the end gas autoignition or knock which limits engine load, compression ratio and efficiency. It was not established if ethanol and methanol can in fact achieve the required load range in HD SI engines and if so, how efficient they would be. Diluting the air-fuel mixture with excess air or exhaust gas recirculation can add knock resistance by lowering in-cylinder temperature. Though dilution increases load and efficiency, it also increases instability and ultimately causes misfires. 

In this thesis, diluted combustion, knock limit and performance of ethanol and methanol was studied using a single cylinder heavy duty research engine. The required load was achieved with relatively good efficiency at lean operation and potential for improving efficiency further was investigated using 1D simulations. The modifications needed to utilize a semi-predictive combustion model in diluted operation were presented. Using simulations, the impact of turbulence on the performance of Miller valve timing and the effect of squish area on piston shapes to improve turbulence was discussed. 

With Miller timing and fast combustion using high squish pistons, lean burn ethanol and methanol can offer high efficiency, on par with compression ignition engines. If ethanol or methanol production can be scaled up, HD SI engines can provide good performance, low capital and operating cost for future transport.

Abstract [sv]

För att effektivt kunna ersätta fossila bränslen i transportsektorn krävs en drastisk ökning av produktionen av förnyelsebara bränslen. Alkoholer med kort kolkedja, såsom etanol och metanol, är bra alternativ eftersom de har flera möjliga tillverkningsprocesser och kan produceras från de flesta kolbaserade råvarorna. På grund av deras höga motstånd mot självantändning bör etanol och metanol inte användas som drop-in bränslen i kompressionstända motorer, som är den mest förekommande typen av tunga motorer idag. Däremot kan ett stort motstånd mot självantändning vara till stor fördel om metanol och etanol används i tunga motorer som istället använder sig av tändstift som antändningskälla, så kallade ottomotor.

En stor nackdel hos tunga ottomotor är självantändning av den oförbrända gasblandningen, även kallad knack, som begränsar motorns last, kompressionsförhållanden samt verkningsgrad. Det var tidigare okänt om etanol och metanol hade kapacitet att uppnå de laster som krävs av tunga SI-motorer, och om de kunde uppnå detta med en tillräckligt hög verkningsgrad. Genom att späda luft och bränsleblandningen med ett överskott av luft eller genom avgasåterledning, så kan man öka motståndet mot knack genom att temperaturen i cylindern sänks. Även om spädning ökar last och verkningsgrad så gör det också att förbränningen blir mindre stabil och det kan i värsta fall orsaka misständning.

I den här avhandlingen har utspädd förbränning, knack begränsning och prestanda för etanol och metanol studerats i en encylindrig forskningsmotor. Den önskade lasten kunde uppnås med relativt god verkningsgrad vid mager förbränning. Dessutom så undersöktes potentialen av ytterligare ökad verkningsgrad i 1D simulering. De justeringar som behöver utföras för att användandet av en semi-prediktiv förbränningsmodell under magra förbränningsförhållanden presenteras. Simuleringen används för att diskutera hur turbulens och Miller ventiltider påverkar motorprestandan, och vilken effekt squish och kolvformen har på förbättrad turbulensen i cylindern. 

Genom Miller-timing och snabb förbränning samt kolvar som ger hög squish kan mager förbränning med etanol eller metanol ge en hög verkningsgrad i nivå med den som idag ges av kompressionstända motorer. Om  tanol- och metanolproduktionen skalas upp kan tunga ottomotor erbjuda framtida transportlösningar med hög prestanda och låga investerings- och driftskostnader.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 105
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2021:17
Keywords
Ethanol, Methanol, Dilution, Spark Ignition, Miller Timing
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293420 (URN)978-91-7873-850-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-05-21, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_DEjaHUiHTTyKEeneIrZebA, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-04-26 Created: 2021-04-23 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Mahendar, Senthil KrishnanChristiansen Erlandsson, Anders

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