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Influence of the diesel pilot injector configuration on ethanol combustion and performance of a heavy-duty direct injection engine
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7078-2517
Scania CV AB, Södertälje, Sweden.
Scania CV AB, Södertälje, Sweden.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines. DTU Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2457-0257
2021 (English)In: International Journal of Engine Research, ISSN 1468-0874, E-ISSN 2041-3149, Vol. 22, no 12, p. 3447-3459Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Thanks to its properties and production pathways, ethanol represents a valuable alternative to fossil fuels, with potential benefits in terms of CO2, NOx, and soot emission reduction. The resistance to autoignition of ethanol necessitates an ignition trigger in compression-ignition engines for heavy-duty applications, which in the current study is a diesel pilot injection. The simultaneous direct injection of pure ethanol as main fuel and diesel as pilot fuel through separate injectors is experimentally investigated in a heavy-duty single cylinder engine at a low and a high load point. The influence of the nozzle hole number and size of the diesel pilot injector on ethanol combustion and engine performance is evaluated based on an injection timing sweep using three diesel injector configurations. The tested configurations have the same geometric total nozzle area for one, two and four diesel sprays. The relative amount of ethanol injected is swept between 78 – 89% and 91 – 98% on an energy basis at low and high load, respectively. The results show that mixing-controlled combustion of ethanol is achieved with all tested diesel injector configurations and that the maximum combustion efficiency and variability levels are in line with conventional diesel combustion. The one-spray diesel injector is the most robust trigger for ethanol ignition, as it allows to limit combustion variability and to achieve higher combustion efficiencies compared to the other diesel injector configurations. However, the two- and four-spray diesel injectors lead to higher indicated efficiency levels. The observed difference in the ethanol ignition dynamics is evaluated and compared to conventional diesel combustion. The study broadens the knowledge on ethanol mixing-controlled combustion in heavy-duty engines at various operating conditions, providing the insight necessary for the optimization of the ethanol-diesel dual-injection system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAGE Publications , 2021. Vol. 22, no 12, p. 3447-3459
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293515DOI: 10.1177/14680874211001260ISI: 000654539200001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85103877223OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-293515DiVA, id: diva2:1547706
Note

QC 20250327

Available from: 2021-04-27 Created: 2021-04-27 Last updated: 2025-03-27Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Diffusive Combustion of Ethanol in a Dual-Fuel Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Diffusive Combustion of Ethanol in a Dual-Fuel Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The impact of climate change due to global warming necessitates rapid and extensive measures to enhance the sustainability of the energy and transport sectors. In this context, there are large environmental and societal benefits to be gained by replacing diesel with renewable fuels for road freight transport. This solution may facilitate and expedite the transition towards fossil-free, carbon-neutral transport, while the electrification process takes shape. Short-chain alcohol fuels have favorable properties for the enhancement of engine performance and the abatement of pollutant emissions, however, they necessitate ignition aid systems in compression ignition engines. The present research investigates a novel concept of dual-fuel combustion for heavy-duty compression ignition engine applications by means of engine tests and three-dimensional combustion simulations. This concept involves the direct injection of pure ethanol as main fuel through a centrally mounted injector, and minimal quantities of diesel as pilot fuel via a separate injector. The objective is to achieve diffusive combustion of ethanol in a process analogous to conventional diesel combustion throughout the entire engine load range, with a higher thermal efficiency and lower pollutant emissions. Single-cylinder engine tests were carried out to evaluate the influence of combustion characteristics and performance with respect to dual-injection strategy, engine load, ethanol ratio and configuration of the diesel pilot injector. The characteristics and performance of ethanol-diesel direct injection compression ignition (DICI) combustion were compared to two sets of baselines, that are conventional diesel combustion and dual-injections of diesel via the main and pilot injector in the same proportion as in the dual-fuel test points. At low load conditions, increasing the separation between the diesel pilot and ethanol main injection enabled the achievement of diffusive combustion of ethanol, avoiding combustion instability and partial misfire thanks to minimal quantities of diesel injected. At high load conditions, a minimum main-pilot separation was instead required to limit the degree of ethanol premixing at ignition. Using a diesel pilot injector having a lower number of sprays with a wider hole diameter promoted a more robust ignition of ethanol, while also causing a reduction of engine performance. Parallel to the experimental work, three-dimensional combustion simulations were carried out in order to investigate the interaction between diesel and ethanol sprays during ignition at various engine operating conditions, from low to full load. At the operating conditions investigated during engine tests, the ignition of a subset of ethanol sprays was locally triggered by the contact with the products of diesel combustion. Subsequently, ignition propagated towards the neighboring ethanol sprays, until reaching the furthest ones from the diesel pilot injector. The coupling between experimental and numerical results highlighted the noteworthy predictive capability of the adopted combustion model with respect to the ethanol combustion characteristics. In conclusion, the present research work provides a solid starting point for future studies on diffusive combustion of alcohol fuels in compression ignition engines. The structured knowledge built in the course of the doctoral project lays the foundation for the development of a fuel-flexible engine for heavy-duty applications.

Abstract [sv]

Klimatförändringarna, som en följd av den globala uppvärmningen, gör det nödvändigt med effektiva och omfattande åtgärder för att göra transport- och energisektorn mer hållbara. Både ur miljö och socialt perspektiv, finns det stora fördelar med att ersätta diesel med förnyelsebara bränslen för godstransport på väg. En sådan lösning underlättar och påskyndar övergången till fossilfri, kolneutral transport, under tiden elektrifieringen av transportsektorn utvecklas. Korta alkoholer som biobränsle har fördelaktiga egenskaper som kan öka motorprestandan samt minska utsläppen av hälsovådliga avgaser. Dock är det i kompressionsantända motorer nödvändigt med hjälpmedel för antändning av dessa bränslen. Detta projekt undersöker ett nytt koncept med förbränning av dual-fuel för framtida användning i tunga kompressionsantända motorer. Detta undersöks genom motorexperiment av konceptet, samt tredimensionell simulering av förbränningsförloppet. Konceptet innefattar direktinsprutning av etanol, som huvudbränsle, genom en centralt monterad insprutare. I kombination med ytterst små mängder av Dieselbränsle som pilotbränsle genom en separat insprutare. Målet är att uppnå diffusiv förbränning av etanol i en förbränningsprocess, likt den av konventionell diesel, för alla lastpunkter med en ökad termisk verkningsgrad och låga utsläpp av föroreningar. Motorprov i en en-cylindrig motor genomfördes för att utvärdera förbränningsegenskaperna och prestanda med avseende på en dual-fuel strategi, last, etanolmängd, och dieselinsprutarens konfigurering. Förbränningsegenskaper samt prestanda av etanol-diesel direktinsprutad kompressionsantänd (DICI) förbränning jämfördes med konventionell dieselförbränning samt dubbel insprutning av diesel i samma konfiguration och mängd som etanol-diesel insprutningen. Vid låga laster gjorde en ökad separation mellan dieselpiloten och den huvudsakliga etanolinsprutningen att diffusiv föorbränning av etanol lättare kunde uppnås. Detta gjorde att förbränningsinstabilitet och missantändning kunde undvikas då ytterst små mängder av diesel injiceras. Vid höga laster behövdes en kort separation mellan de två olika bränsleinsprutningseventen för att begränsa förblandningen av etanol innan antändning. En dieselinsprutare med färre strålar och med större håldiameter gav en mer robust förbränning av etanol, men det försämrade också motorns prestanda. Parallellt med det experimentella arbetet genomfördes tredimensionell simulering av förbränningen där interaktionen mellan diesel- och etanolstrålarna vid antändning undersöktes vid olika lastförhållanden, från låg last till full last. Vid de driftsförhållanden som undersöktes genom motorexperiment visade simuleringen att antändning av etanolen delvis triggades genom lokala interaktioner med förbränningsprodukter från dieselförbränningen. Därefter propagerade förbränningen till de närliggande etanolstrålarna och så vidare tills att förbränningen propagerat även till etanolstrålarna längst bort från dieselinsprutaren. Kombinationen mellan experimentella och numeriska resultat framhäver den anmärkningsvärda prediktiva kapaciteten av den antagna förbränningsmodellen med hänsyn till förbränningsegenskaperna hos etanol. Sammanfattningsvis, projektet ger en stabil startpunkt till framtida studier av diffusiv förbränning av alkoholbränslen i kompressionsantända motorer. Kunskapen som utvecklats under doktorandprojektets gång ger en grund för framtida utveckling av tillämpning av flexi-fuel i tunga förbränningsmotorer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 93
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2021:25
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294329 (URN)978-91-7873-893-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-06-11, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64427961704, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-05-18 Created: 2021-05-17 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Giramondi, NicolaChristiansen Erlandsson, Anders

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