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A Method for Assigning Probability Distributions in Attack Simulation Languages
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Network and Systems Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0434-4436
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Network and Systems Engineering. (Software Systems Architecture and Security)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0478-9347
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Network and Systems Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3089-3885
2021 (English)In: Complex Systems Informatics and Modeling Quarterly, E-ISSN 2255-9922, no 26, p. 55-77, article id 151Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cyber attacks on IT and OT systems can have severe consequences for individuals and organizations, from water or energy distribution systems to online banking services. To respond to these threats, attack simulations can be used to assess the cyber security of systems to foster a higher degree of resilience against cyber attacks; the steps taken by an attacker to compromise sensitive system assets can be traced, and a time estimate can be computed from the initial step to the compromise of assets of interest.

Previously, the Meta Attack Language (MAL) was introduced as a framework to develop security-oriented domain-specific languages. It allows attack simulations on modeled systems and analyzes weaknesses related to known attacks. To produce more realistic simulation results, probability distributions can be assigned to attack steps and defenses to describe the efforts required for attackers to exploit certain attack steps. However, research on assessing such probability distributions is scarce, and we often rely on security experts to model attackers’ efforts. To address this gap, we propose a method to assign probability distributions to the attack steps and defenses of MAL-based languages. We demonstrate the proposed method by assigning probability distributions to a MAL-based language. Finally, the resulting language is evaluated by modeling and simulating a known cyber attack.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Riga Technical University , 2021. no 26, p. 55-77, article id 151
Keywords [en]
Attack Simulations; Threat Modeling; Domain-Specific Language; Cyber Security; Information Collection
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293920DOI: 10.7250/csimq.2021-26.04Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85108209334OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-293920DiVA, id: diva2:1549417
Funder
StandUpVinnova
Note

QC 20210527

Available from: 2021-05-05 Created: 2021-05-05 Last updated: 2025-05-08Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Enhancing IT Systems Cyber Resilience through Threat Modeling: Cyber Security Analysis of Enterprise Systems and Connected Vehicles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enhancing IT Systems Cyber Resilience through Threat Modeling: Cyber Security Analysis of Enterprise Systems and Connected Vehicles
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Information technology (IT) systems are growing in complexity and are becoming more and more connected. Such connected systems can increase flexibility and productivity while also introducing security threats. Recent years have witnessed some of the largest, most sophisticated, and most severe cyber attacks on IT systems, which can have severe consequences for individuals and organizations, from water or energy distribution systems to online banking services. Therefore, security is a top priority for IT systems.

To address these security issues proactively, threat modeling can be utilized as follows: to assess the current state of a system, and as a security-by-design tool for developing new systems. Threat models can serve as input for attack simulations, which are used for analyzing the behavior of attackers within the system. The simulation results obtained can help stakeholders to investigate in security settings that can be applied to secure their system more effectively.

This thesis presents work on threat modeling for IT systems. The contributions to the field of threat modeling include a systematic literature review on threat modeling (Paper A). With regard to securing enterprise systems, the contributions include a threat modeling language for security assessment of enterprise systems (Paper B), a method for assigning probability distributions in attack simulation languages to provide more realistic simulation results (Paper C), and a method for quality assessment of threat modeling languages (Paper D). With regard to securing connected vehicles, the contributions include a proof-of-concept of an approach for securing connected vehicles using threat modeling coupled with attack simulations (Paper E), and an empirical study to explore common security vulnerabilities and software weaknesses in vehicles (Paper F).

Abstract [sv]

IT-system växer i komplexitet och blir mer och mer ihopkopplade. Att koppla samman system kan öka flexibiliteten och produktiviteten, samtidigt som det också kan medföra säkerhetsluckor. De senaste åren har vi bevittnat några av de största, mest sofistikerade och allvarligaste cyberattackerna på IT-system. Vilket kan få allvarliga konsekvenser för individer och organisationer, från vatten- och energidistributionssystem till banktjänster. Därför är säkerhet högsta prioritet i IT-system.

För att proaktivt ta itu med dessa säkerhetsfrågor kan hotmodellering användas för att bedöma ett systems nuvarande tillstånd och som ett verktyg för att designa säkra system. Hotmodeller kan även fungera som indata till attacksimuleringar. Dessa används för att analysera angriparnas beteende inom systemet, och simuleringsresultaten kan hjälpa intressenter att undersöka säkerhetsinställningar som kan implementeras för att säkra ett system mer effektivt.

Denna avhandling presenterar arbete med hotmodellering för IT-system. När det gäller hotmodellering generellt inkluderar bidragen en systematisk litteraturöversikt om hotmodellering (Artikel A), en metod för tilldelning av sannolikhetsfördelningar i attacksimuleringsspråk för att ge mer realistiska simuleringsresultat (Artikel C), och en metod för kvalitetsbedömning av hotmodelleringsspråk (Artikel D). När det gäller mer domänspecifika resultat inkluderar bidragen ett hotmodelleringsspråk för säkerhetsbedömning av företagsövergripandesystem (Artikel B), ett koncept-test av ett tillvägagångssätt som använder hotmodellering i kombination med attacksimuleringar för uppkoppladefordon  (Artikel E) och en empirisk studie för att utforska kända sårbarheter och svagheter i programvara för fordon (Artikel F).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 47
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2021:51
Keywords
Cyber Security, Threat Modeling, Attack Simulations, IT Systems, Security Analysis
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300046 (URN)978-91-7873-940-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-09-17, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65069300996, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20210823

Available from: 2021-08-23 Created: 2021-08-23 Last updated: 2022-12-20Bibliographically approved

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Xiong, WenjunHacks, SimonLagerström, Robert

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