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Design Methodology for Grout Curtains under Dams Founded on Rock
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1195-1587
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8152-6092
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5628-9673
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Grout curtains are commonly constructed under dams to reduce the seepage through the rock foundation. In the design of grout curtains, empirical methods have mainly been used since the introduction of dam foundation grouting. Although empirical methods have been used with success in several projects, it has its limitations, such as poor control of the grout spread, indirect consideration of the threat of internal erosion of fracture infillings in grouted zones, and the risk of hydraulic jacking. This paper presents a theory-based design methodology for grout curtains under dams founded on rock. In the design methodology, the grout curtain is designed as a structural component of the dam. The risk of erosion of fracture infilling material is explicitly accounted for along with the reduction of the hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass, and an optimization of the total uplift force. By applying the proposed design methodology, engineers can create a design better adapted to the prevailing geological and hydrogeological conditions in the rock mass, resulting in more durable grout curtains. The proposed methodology also enables cost and time estimates to be calculated for the grout curtain’s construction. Applying the principles of observational method during the grouting execution also allows the design to be modified via predefined measures if the initial design is found to be unsuitable.

Keywords [en]
Grout curtain, Dam, Rock Mass, Internal erosion, Stop criteria
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294202OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-294202DiVA, id: diva2:1553997
Note

QC 20210527

Available from: 2021-05-11 Created: 2021-05-11 Last updated: 2022-09-13Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Design of grout curtains under dams founded on rock
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Design of grout curtains under dams founded on rock
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Grouting has long been implemented as a ground improvement technique to reduce the seepage through the rock mass. Grout curtains are usually constructed under dams as a barrier to prevent leakage from the reservoir. So far, the grout curtains under dams have mainly been designed by using an empirical design approach. However, the empirical approach has its limitations. Generally, the usage of “rules of thumbs” makes the design highly dependent on the experience of the designers. Lack of experience can result in insufficient or over-conservative grout curtains. For example, the stop criteria for the grouting process adopted by the empirical approach can lead to long grouting time and thus becomes inefficient. In addition, high grouting pressure may cause unexpected deformations of the rock and open up new leakage paths.

To deal with these limitations, a theory-based design methodology has been developed. Theories on rock grouting developed in recent decades are used to build up the design methodology. In the theory-based design methodology, the grout curtain is treated as a structural component in the dam foundation. The geometry and location of the grout curtain is first designed with respect to three requirements: (i) the hydraulic conductivity reduction, (ii) prevention of erosion of fracture infillings and (iii) optimization of uplift reduction. Grouting work is then designed to obtain the designed geometry of the grout curtain. In the design of the grouting work, analytical calculations are implemented to determine the grouting pressure, grouting time and grout hole layout. The stop criteria are based on the grouting time, which is believed to obtain better efficiency. The principles of the observational method are implemented to deal with the uncertainties involved in the grouting process. 

One of the main limitations with the proposed methodology is the limited research on the erosion process of fracture infilling materials in flowing water. To study this issue, coupled numerical analyses are performed to better understand the initiation of erosion of fracture infillings. The results show that the Hjulström and Shields diagram are not appropriate to be used to estimate the incipient motion of fracture infilling materials. Instead, a previous equation derived under laminar flows shows better agreement with the results.

Abstract [sv]

Injektering har länge använts som en metod för att förstärka grunden och reducera vattenflödet i en bergmassa. Injekteringsridåer uppförs ofta under dammar som en barriär med syfte att förhindra läckage av magasinets vatten. Hittills har injekteringsridåerna i huvudsak dimensionerats baserat på empiriska metoder. De empiriska metoderna har emellertid sina begränsningar. Användandet av olika tumregler resulterar i att dimensioneringen i hög utsträckning är beroende av ingenjörens erfarenhet. Brist på erfarenhet kan resultera i en ineffektiv, eller en för konservativ, utformning av injekteringsridåerna. Till exempel kan de stoppkriterier som tillämpas i det empiriska tillvägagångssättet leda till en för lång injekteringstid och därmed bli ineffektiv. Utöver detta kan höga injekteringstryck leda till oväntade deformationer i bergmassan och nya läckagevägar. 

För att hantera dessa typer av begränsningar har en teoribaserad dimensioneringsmetodik utvecklats. Teorier för berginjektering som utvecklats under de senaste decennierna används för att bygga upp metodiken. I metodiken utformas injekteringsridån som en strukturell komponent i berggrunden under dammen. Den geometriska utformningen och läget för injekteringsridån bestäms med hänsyn till tre kriterier: (i) erforderlig reduktion av den hydrauliska konduktiviteten, (ii) förhindrande av erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial, och (iii) optimering av reduktionen i upptryck under dammen. Injekteringsarbetet utformas därefter i syfte att eftersträva den erforderliga utformningen. I utformningen av injekteringsarbetet används analytiska beräkningar för att bestämma injekteringstryck, injekteringstid och hålavstånd. Stoppkriterier baseras på erforderlig injekteringstid, vilket bedöms uppnå en mer effektiv injektering. Principerna för observationsmetoden används för att hantera de osäkerheter som kvarstår.

En av de huvudsakliga begränsningarna med den föreslagna metodiken är den begränsade kunskapen som idag finns om erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial vid flödande vatten. För att studera denna fråga genomfördes kopplade numeriska analyser för att bättre förstå processen kring initiering av erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial. Resultaten visar att Hjulströms och Shields diagram inte är lämpliga att använda. Istället visar en tidigare framtagen ekvation för laminära förhållanden en bättre överensstämmelse. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 48
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2116
Keywords
Grout curtains, Rock grouting, Dams, Erosion, Infilling materials in rock fractures, Injekteringsridåer, Berginjektering, Dammar, Erosion, Sprickfyllnadsmaterial
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294207 (URN)978-91-7873-846-5 (ISBN)
Presentation
2021-06-14, Zoom-länk: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/6913051695, Du som saknar dator /datorvana kontakta frejoha@kth.se / Use the e-mail address if you need technical assistance, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
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Note

QC 210512

Available from: 2021-05-12 Created: 2021-05-11 Last updated: 2022-07-11Bibliographically approved

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Zhang, SuihanJohansson, FredrikStille, Håkan

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