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Design of grout curtains under dams founded on rock
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1195-1587
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Grouting has long been implemented as a ground improvement technique to reduce the seepage through the rock mass. Grout curtains are usually constructed under dams as a barrier to prevent leakage from the reservoir. So far, the grout curtains under dams have mainly been designed by using an empirical design approach. However, the empirical approach has its limitations. Generally, the usage of “rules of thumbs” makes the design highly dependent on the experience of the designers. Lack of experience can result in insufficient or over-conservative grout curtains. For example, the stop criteria for the grouting process adopted by the empirical approach can lead to long grouting time and thus becomes inefficient. In addition, high grouting pressure may cause unexpected deformations of the rock and open up new leakage paths.

To deal with these limitations, a theory-based design methodology has been developed. Theories on rock grouting developed in recent decades are used to build up the design methodology. In the theory-based design methodology, the grout curtain is treated as a structural component in the dam foundation. The geometry and location of the grout curtain is first designed with respect to three requirements: (i) the hydraulic conductivity reduction, (ii) prevention of erosion of fracture infillings and (iii) optimization of uplift reduction. Grouting work is then designed to obtain the designed geometry of the grout curtain. In the design of the grouting work, analytical calculations are implemented to determine the grouting pressure, grouting time and grout hole layout. The stop criteria are based on the grouting time, which is believed to obtain better efficiency. The principles of the observational method are implemented to deal with the uncertainties involved in the grouting process. 

One of the main limitations with the proposed methodology is the limited research on the erosion process of fracture infilling materials in flowing water. To study this issue, coupled numerical analyses are performed to better understand the initiation of erosion of fracture infillings. The results show that the Hjulström and Shields diagram are not appropriate to be used to estimate the incipient motion of fracture infilling materials. Instead, a previous equation derived under laminar flows shows better agreement with the results.

Abstract [sv]

Injektering har länge använts som en metod för att förstärka grunden och reducera vattenflödet i en bergmassa. Injekteringsridåer uppförs ofta under dammar som en barriär med syfte att förhindra läckage av magasinets vatten. Hittills har injekteringsridåerna i huvudsak dimensionerats baserat på empiriska metoder. De empiriska metoderna har emellertid sina begränsningar. Användandet av olika tumregler resulterar i att dimensioneringen i hög utsträckning är beroende av ingenjörens erfarenhet. Brist på erfarenhet kan resultera i en ineffektiv, eller en för konservativ, utformning av injekteringsridåerna. Till exempel kan de stoppkriterier som tillämpas i det empiriska tillvägagångssättet leda till en för lång injekteringstid och därmed bli ineffektiv. Utöver detta kan höga injekteringstryck leda till oväntade deformationer i bergmassan och nya läckagevägar. 

För att hantera dessa typer av begränsningar har en teoribaserad dimensioneringsmetodik utvecklats. Teorier för berginjektering som utvecklats under de senaste decennierna används för att bygga upp metodiken. I metodiken utformas injekteringsridån som en strukturell komponent i berggrunden under dammen. Den geometriska utformningen och läget för injekteringsridån bestäms med hänsyn till tre kriterier: (i) erforderlig reduktion av den hydrauliska konduktiviteten, (ii) förhindrande av erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial, och (iii) optimering av reduktionen i upptryck under dammen. Injekteringsarbetet utformas därefter i syfte att eftersträva den erforderliga utformningen. I utformningen av injekteringsarbetet används analytiska beräkningar för att bestämma injekteringstryck, injekteringstid och hålavstånd. Stoppkriterier baseras på erforderlig injekteringstid, vilket bedöms uppnå en mer effektiv injektering. Principerna för observationsmetoden används för att hantera de osäkerheter som kvarstår.

En av de huvudsakliga begränsningarna med den föreslagna metodiken är den begränsade kunskapen som idag finns om erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial vid flödande vatten. För att studera denna fråga genomfördes kopplade numeriska analyser för att bättre förstå processen kring initiering av erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial. Resultaten visar att Hjulströms och Shields diagram inte är lämpliga att använda. Istället visar en tidigare framtagen ekvation för laminära förhållanden en bättre överensstämmelse. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 48
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2116
Keywords [en]
Grout curtains, Rock grouting, Dams, Erosion, Infilling materials in rock fractures
Keywords [sv]
Injekteringsridåer, Berginjektering, Dammar, Erosion, Sprickfyllnadsmaterial
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294207ISBN: 978-91-7873-846-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-294207DiVA, id: diva2:1554031
Presentation
2021-06-14, Zoom-länk: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/6913051695, Du som saknar dator /datorvana kontakta frejoha@kth.se / Use the e-mail address if you need technical assistance, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 210512

Available from: 2021-05-12 Created: 2021-05-11 Last updated: 2022-07-11Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. On the Required Thickness of Grout Curtains under Dams
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the Required Thickness of Grout Curtains under Dams
2021 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

To reduce the water leakage and the uplift pore pressure in the rock foundation, grout curtains are oftenconstructed under dams. However, the design of grout curtains has long been based on empirical knowledge.When designing the grout curtain, focus was mainly given on closing the curtain and limiting the leakage,without considering the thickness of the curtain. However, a too thin grout curtain could lead to high gradients,which with time could result in internal erosion of degraded grout and fracture infilling materials. This couldlead to poor performance and durability problems, potentially jeopardizing the dam safety and increasingthe cost for remedial measures. In this paper, three design criteria are discussed for determining the requiredthickness of the grout curtain, including water loss reduction, uplift pore pressure reduction and internalerosion of degraded grout and fracture infilling materials. Analyses on the required thickness are made fora typical concrete gravity dam. The results show that the required thickness is significantly affected by theinternal erosion of fracture infilling materials. These results show the need for a more refined design approachfor the grout curtains based on the suggested criteria.

Keywords
Grout curtain, thickness, uplift pressure, internal erosion
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294193 (URN)
Conference
ICOLD Symposium on Sustainable Development of Dams and River Basins, 24th - 27th February, 2021, New Delhi
Note

QC 20210527

Available from: 2021-05-11 Created: 2021-05-11 Last updated: 2025-07-10Bibliographically approved
2. Design Methodology for Grout Curtains under Dams Founded on Rock
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Design Methodology for Grout Curtains under Dams Founded on Rock
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Grout curtains are commonly constructed under dams to reduce the seepage through the rock foundation. In the design of grout curtains, empirical methods have mainly been used since the introduction of dam foundation grouting. Although empirical methods have been used with success in several projects, it has its limitations, such as poor control of the grout spread, indirect consideration of the threat of internal erosion of fracture infillings in grouted zones, and the risk of hydraulic jacking. This paper presents a theory-based design methodology for grout curtains under dams founded on rock. In the design methodology, the grout curtain is designed as a structural component of the dam. The risk of erosion of fracture infilling material is explicitly accounted for along with the reduction of the hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass, and an optimization of the total uplift force. By applying the proposed design methodology, engineers can create a design better adapted to the prevailing geological and hydrogeological conditions in the rock mass, resulting in more durable grout curtains. The proposed methodology also enables cost and time estimates to be calculated for the grout curtain’s construction. Applying the principles of observational method during the grouting execution also allows the design to be modified via predefined measures if the initial design is found to be unsuitable.

Keywords
Grout curtain, Dam, Rock Mass, Internal erosion, Stop criteria
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294202 (URN)
Note

QC 20210527

Available from: 2021-05-11 Created: 2021-05-11 Last updated: 2022-09-13Bibliographically approved
3. Numerical Modelling of Incipient Motion of Fracture Infillings
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Numerical Modelling of Incipient Motion of Fracture Infillings
(English)In: Article in journal (Other academic) Submitted
Abstract [en]

Fine-grained infilling materials in rock fractures cannot be penetrated by cement-based grout, while high water velocities in the unfilled parts of the fracture can impose erosion of the infilling materials. Understanding the erosion process of the infilling materials is, therefore, essential for the design of grout curtains. In this paper, the incipient motion of infilling particles in a three-dimensional rock fracture is predicted by a coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-Discrete Element Method (DEM) approach. A fracture model is built based on high-resolution optical scanning data of a natural rock joint surface. Infilling particles are modelled as non-cohesive spheric particles in a range of fine-sand sizes. The motion of particles is produced by coupling the CFD, solving the Navier-Stokes equations, with the DEM, prescribing the contact forces between particles. The model could capture the particle-particle and particle-fluid interaction behaviours during particle movement. Simulation results of the fracture model are compared with a parallel-plate model, which shows that the fracture geometry significantly affects the transport and distribution of the infillings. The dimensionless critical shear stress of the fracture model for the studied fracture is 11% larger than the values obtained from the parallel-plate model. Furthermore, the simulations are compared with the Hjulström and Shields diagrams, showing that the use of these two diagrams to predict the infilling erosion in the fracture results in a significant discrepancy. In contrast, a previous equation derived from flume experiments under laminar flows agrees better with the simulations. The present study visualises and quantitatively analyses the erosion process of the fracture infillings, which provides a reference to predict the threshold of the infilling erosion.

Keywords
Rock fracture, Fracture infilling, Incipient motion, Coupled CFD-DEM, Critical Shear stress
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics; Civil and Architectural Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydrologic Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294203 (URN)
Note

QC 20210527

Available from: 2021-05-11 Created: 2021-05-11 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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