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Motion Planning and Control of Automated Vehicles in Critical Situations
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Mechatronics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6492-1966
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The road traffic environment is inherently uncertain and unpredictable. An automated vehicle (AV) deployed in such an environment will eventually experience unforeseen critical situations, i.e., situations in which the probability of having an accident is rapidly increased compared to a nominal driving situation. Critical situations can occur for example due to internal faults or performance limitations of the AV, abrupt changes in operational conditions or unexpected behavior from other road users. In such critical situations, the first priority for vehicle motion control is to reduce the risk of imminent accident. If needed, the full physical capacity of the vehicle should be employed to accomplish this. These unique circumstances distinguish automated driving in critical situations from the nominal case. 

This work aims to tackle the problem of motion planning and control in such critical situations. We determine a set of characteristics that signify the motion planning and control problem in critical situations, in relation to state of the art algorithms. Further, we incrementally develop a motion planning and control framework, tailored for the particular circumstances of critical situations. In its current form, the framework uses a combination of numerical optimization, trajectory rollout and constraint adaptation, to allow motion planning and control with respect to time-varying actuation capabilities, while realizing a range of behaviors to mitigate accident risk in a range of critical situations. 

Results for the research work are generated by exposing the framework to several categories of critical situations in a combination of simulations and full scale vehicle tests. We present the following main findings: (1) Inclusion of risk levels of stopping locations at the local planning level generates satisfactory motion behavior in the evaluated critical situations, enabling a combined assessment of risk of the maneuver and of the stopping location. (2) Traction adaptive motion planning and control improves the capacity of autonomous vehicles to reduce accident risk in critical situations, both when adapting to deteriorated and when adapting to improved traction in a range of tested critical situations. (3) State of the art friction estimation algorithms are insufficient for traction adaptive motion planning in terms of combined requirements on accuracy, availability and foresight. However, fusion of multiple estimation paradigms show potential to yield near-optimal performance. 

The combined contributions of this thesis are intended as a step towards further improving accident avoidance performance of automated vehicles and driver assistance systems in critical situations. However, much research work remains to be done in this field. We emphasize the need for further research efforts in terms of experimentally evaluating the impact of motion planning and control concepts on accident avoidance performance in critical situations. 

Abstract [sv]

Vägtrafikmiljön är oförutsägbar. Autonoma vägfordon i en sådan miljö kommer tids nog att hamna i oförutsedda kritiska situationer, det vill säga situationer där risken för en trafikolycka är markant högre än vid nominell körning. Kritiska situationer kan orsakas av exempelvis interna fel eller prestandabegränsningar hos autonomisystemet, av plötsliga förändringar i operationella förhållanden eller av oförutsett agerande hos medtrafikanter. I kritiska situationer är passagerarkomfort inte längre en prioritet, utan fordonets fullständiga manöverförmåga kan utnyttjas för att minimera olycksrisken. Dessa omständigheter skiljer autonom körning i kritiska situationer från det nominella fallet.  

 

Forskningsinriktningen för denna avhandling är rörelseplanering och styrning av autonoma fordon i kritiska situationer. Vi presenterar en uppsättning egenskaper som kännetecknar detta specifika problem, i relation till ledande algoritmer för rörelseplanering och styrning. Vi presenterar också vår egen stegvis utvecklade metod för att angripa problemet. I sin nuvarande form består metoden av en kombination av optimeringsbaserad och samplingsbaserad trajektorieplanering med tidsvarierande dynamik och bivillkor. Metoden gör det möjligt att representera tidsvarierande dynamik och dynamiska begränsningar hos fordonet (till exempel till följd av varierande vägförhållanden) vid planering av en mängd olika manövertyper som kan minska olycksrisken i kritiska situationer. 

 

Resultaten i forskningsarbetet har genererats genom att testa metoden i ett flertal typer av kritiska situationer som har iscensatts genom en kombination av simuleringsmiljöer och experiment med fullskaliga autonoma testfordon. De huvudsakliga slutsatserna från forskningsarbetet är följande: (1) Att inkludera risknivån hos alternativa stoppositioner på den lokala planeringsnivån genererar tillfredsställande rörelsebeteende vid exempelvis interna fel hos autonomisystemet. Detta möjliggör en sammantagen riskbedömning för manöver och stopposition. (2) Väglagsanpassad rörelseplanering och styrning förbättrar autonoma fordons förmåga att reducera olycksrisk i kritiska situationer, både vid anpassning till försämrade och till förbättrade vägförhållanden. (3) Ledande metoder för skattning av vägfriktion har inte tillfredställande prestanda för väglagsanpassad rörelseplanering och styrning med avseende på kombinerade krav på precision, tillgänglighet och framsynthet, när de används var för sig. Dock är det möjligt att kombinera estimat från olika sensorslag till ett friktionsestimat som ger närmast optimalt rörelsebeteende då det används i kombination med väglagsanpassad rörelseplanering och styrning.

 

Vår förhoppning är att de sammanlagda forskningsbidragen från denna avhandling kan komma att bidra till fortsatta prestandaförbättringar hos system avsedda att minska olycksrisken i kritiska situationer, både för autonoma fordon och för förarstödsystem. Det finns dock mycket kvar att göra inom detta forskningsfält. Vi vill särskilt framhäva behovet av ytterligare forskningsinitiativ rörande experimentell utvärdering av nya koncept för rörelseplanering och styrning, med avseende på förmågan att minska olycksrisken i kritiska situationer.

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 87
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2021: 23
National Category
Robotics and automation
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294257ISBN: 978-91-7873-891-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-294257DiVA, id: diva2:1554346
Public defence
2021-06-08, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64776462170, Stockholm, 15:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-05-17 Created: 2021-05-12 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Safe Stop Trajectory Planning for Highly Automated Vehicles:An Optimal Control Problem Formulation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Safe Stop Trajectory Planning for Highly Automated Vehicles:An Optimal Control Problem Formulation
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2018 (English)In: 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018, p. 517-522, article id 8500536Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Highly automated road vehicles need the capabilityof stopping safely in a situation that disrupts continued normaloperation, e.g. due to internal system faults. Motion planningfor safe stop differs from nominal motion planning, since thereis not a specific goal location. Rather, the desired behavior isthat the vehicle should reach a stopped state, preferably outsideof active lanes. Also, the functionality to stop safely needs tobe of high integrity. The first contribution of this paper isto formulate the safe stop problem as a benchmark optimalcontrol problem, which can be solved by dynamic programming.However, this solution method cannot be used in real-time. Thesecond contribution is to develop a real-time safe stop trajectoryplanning algorithm, based on selection from a precomputedset of trajectories. By exploiting the particular properties ofthe safe stop problem, the cardinality of the set is decreased,making the algorithm computationally efficient. Furthermore, amonitoring based architecture concept is proposed, that ensuresdependability of the safe stop function. Finally, a proof of conceptsimulation using the proposed architecture and the safe stoptrajectory planner is presented.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018
National Category
Robotics and automation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232815 (URN)10.1109/IVS.2018.8500536 (DOI)000719424500084 ()2-s2.0-85056784560 (Scopus ID)
Conference
2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, IV 2018; Changshu, Suzhou; China; 26 September 2018 through 30 September 2018
Note

QC 20220927

Available from: 2018-08-02 Created: 2018-08-02 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
2. Adaptive Trajectory Planning and optimization at Limits of Handling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Adaptive Trajectory Planning and optimization at Limits of Handling
2019 (English)In: IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2019, p. 3942-3948Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this paper, we tackle the problem of trajectory planning and control of a vehicle under locally varying traction limitations, in the presence of suddenly appearing obstacles. We employ concepts from adaptive model predictive control for run-time adaptation of tire force constraints that are imposed by local traction conditions. To solve the resulting optimization problem for real-time control synthesis with such time varying constraints, we propose a novel numerical scheme based on Real Time Iteration Sequential Quadratic Programming (RTI-SQP), which we call Sampling Augmented Adaptive RTI (SAA-RTI). Sampling augmentation of conventional RTI-SQP provides additional feasible candidate trajectories for warm-starting the optimization procedure. Thus, the proposed SAA-RTI algorithm enables real time constraint adaptation and reduces sensitivity to local minima. Through extensive numerical simulations we demonstrate that our method increases the vehicle's capacity to avoid accidents in scenarios with unanticipated obstacles and locally varying traction, compared to equivalent non-adaptive control schemes and traditional planning and tracking approaches. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2019
Keywords
Accidents, Intelligent robots, Iterative methods, Model predictive control, Numerical methods, Predictive control systems, Quadratic programming, Real time control, Trajectories, Adaptive control schemes, Adaptive model predictive control, Candidate trajectories, Optimization problems, Optimization procedures, Real time constraints, Sequential quadratic programming, Traditional planning, Traction control
National Category
Control Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-274147 (URN)10.1109/IROS40897.2019.8967679 (DOI)000544658403031 ()2-s2.0-85081154765 (Scopus ID)
Conference
2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IROS 2019, Macau, SAR, China, November 3-8, 2019
Note

QC 20200623

Part of ISBN 9781728140049

Available from: 2020-06-23 Created: 2020-06-23 Last updated: 2024-10-15Bibliographically approved
3. Traction Adaptive Motion Planning at the Limits of Handling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Traction Adaptive Motion Planning at the Limits of Handling
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In this paper we address the problem of motion planning and control at the limits of handling, under locally varying traction conditions. We propose a novel solution method where locally varying traction is represented by time-varying tire force constraints. A constrained finite time optimal control problem is solved in a receding horizon fashion, imposing these time-varying constraints. Furthermore, we employ a sampling augmentation procedure to address the problems of infeasibility and sensitivity to local minima that arises when the constraint configuration is altered.We validate the proposed algorithm on a Volvo FH16 heavy-duty vehicle, in a range of critical scenarios. Experimental results indicate that traction adaptation improves the vehicle's capacity to avoid accidents, both when adapting to low and high local traction. 

National Category
Robotics and automation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294255 (URN)
Note

QC 20210527

Available from: 2021-05-12 Created: 2021-05-12 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
4. Fusion of Heterogeneous Friction Estimates for Traction Adaptive Motion Planning and Control
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fusion of Heterogeneous Friction Estimates for Traction Adaptive Motion Planning and Control
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Traction adaptive motion planning and control has potential to improve an an automated vehicle's ability to avoid accident in a critical situation. However, such functionality require an accurate friction estimate for the road ahead of the vehicle that is updated in real time. Current state of the art friction estimation techniques include high accuracy local friction estimation in the presence of tire slip, as well as rough classification of the road surface ahead of the vehicle, based on forward looking camera. In this paper we show that neither of these techniques in isolation yield satisfactory behavior when deployed with traction adaptive motion planning and control functionality. However, fusion of the two provides sufficient accuracy, availability and foresight to yield near optimal behavior. To this end, we propose a fusion method based on heteroscedastic gaussian process regression, and present initial simulation based results. 

National Category
Robotics and automation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294256 (URN)
Note

QC 20210527

Available from: 2021-05-12 Created: 2021-05-12 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved

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