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On Modeling and Stability Analysis of Grid-Connected Voltage Source Converters
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electric Power and Energy Systems. (Power Electronics)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4483-2613
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

With increasing deployment of voltage source converters (VSCs) in the grid, instability phenomena due to converter--grid interactions have been observed. Modeling and stability analysis of grid-connected VSCs have become popular research topics. Moreover, the power system is losing its inertia with increased penetration of renewable energy resources. Large and fast frequency deviations tend to vary more frequently compared to the conventional grid. The control and modeling of VSCs in the low-inertia grid is thus a crucial topic. The main objective of this thesis is the small-signal modeling and stability analysis of grid-connected VSCs. 

As a result of the asymmetrical synchronous reference ($ dq $) frame dynamics, the structure of the dynamical system is multi-input multi-output (MIMO). Conventionally, the small-signal stability analysis for such a system is conducted either by the modal-analysis approach or the impedance based method, which is based on MIMO. In this thesis, methods for modeling and analyzing a MIMO system using a single-input single-output (SISO) approach are developed. Compared to conventional methods, the SISO methods overcome the difficulties of defining the stability margins for individual closed loops. Moreover, the methods provide intuitive solutions to the design of controllers for individual closed loops. 

The thesis also investigates the control and modeling of grid-connected VSCs connected to low-inertia grids. It is illustrated that, for improvement of network frequency dynamics, a VSC with proper energy storage is capable to emulate inertial response from a synchronous machine. Moreover, other frequency control strategies are shown to be beneficial, compared to the inertial emulation. In addition, the inaccuracies for the $ dq $-frame small-signal model, in the presence of phase jumps and frequency deviations, are investigated. It is concluded that the inaccuracy of the small-signal model always exists under phase jumps. In the presence of frequency deviation, the stability analysis shall be evaluated at the steady-state operating point of the frequency.

Abstract [sv]

Med ökad användning av spänningsstyva omriktare (VSC) i nätet har instabilitetsfenomen på grund av växelverkan mellan omriktare och nät observerats. Modellering och analys av stabiliteten hos nätanslutna omriktare har därför utvecklats till ett populärt och omfattande forskningsämne. Ökad andel förnybara energikällor har dessutom inneburit att elkraftsystemet har förlorat delar av sina tröghetsmassor. Det leder till att stora och snabba frekvensavvikelser är vanligare i jämförelse med förhållandena i konventionella nät. Modellering och reglering av spänningsstyva omriktare i nät med låg tröghet är således av avgörande betydelse. Huvudsyftet med avhandling har varit att utveckla småsignalmodeller för nätanslutna omriktare och analysera stabiliteten hos dessa.

Som ett resultat av dynamiken hos det synkrona koordinatsystemet ($dq$) är strukturen för det dynamiska systemet s.k. multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO). Konventionellt analyseras, för ett sådant system, småsignalstabiliteten antingen genom modalanalys eller genom en impedansmetod baserad på MIMO. En av målsättningarna i avhandlingen har varit att utveckla metoder, för modellering och analys av ett MIMO-system, baserat på en single-input single-output (SISO) formulering av systemet. I jämförelse med de konventionella metoderna löser SISO-metoderna svårigheterna med att definiera stabilitetsmarginalerna för enskilda slutna slingor. Metoderna ger dessutom intuitiva lösningar för utformningen av regleringen av enskilda slingor. 

Avhandlingen undersöker också modellering och reglering av nätanslutna VSC:er anslutna till nät med liten tröghet. I avhandlingen illustreras hur en VSC med korrekt energilagring är kapabel att emulera tröghetsresponsen från en synkronmaskin i avseende att förbättra nätets frekvensdynamik. Även andra strategier för frekvenskontroll har visat sig vara fördelaktiga. Avslutningsvis undersöks de fel som introduceras i småsignalmodellen i samband med fas- och frekvensändringar. Slutsatsen är att småsignalmodellens fel alltid existerar under fasförändringar. Vid frekvensavvikelser ska stabilitetsanalysen ske vid den aktuella frekvensen i det stationära fallet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021.
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2021:28
Keywords [en]
Low-inertia grid, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), single-input single-output (SISO), small-signal model, stability analysis, voltage source converters (VSCs)
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294393ISBN: 978-91-7873-856-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-294393DiVA, id: diva2:1554817
Public defence
2021-06-04, Ångdomen, Osquars backe 31, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20210518

Available from: 2021-05-18 Created: 2021-05-17 Last updated: 2022-09-16Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. SISO Transfer Functions for Stability Analysis of Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>SISO Transfer Functions for Stability Analysis of Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters
Show others...
2019 (English)In: IEEE transactions on industry applications, ISSN 0093-9994, E-ISSN 1939-9367, Vol. 55, no 3, p. 2931-2941, article id 8640057Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Converter-grid interaction is of great interest in a weak-grid condition. This paper presents a single-input-single-output (SISO) open-loop transfer function for the stability analysis of grid-connected voltage-source converters. Differing from the conventional input impedance method and the eigenvalue analysis, an alternative multi-input-multi-output closed-loop system is developed in the paper and it eventually yields an SISO open-loop transfer function. This enables the application of a single Nyquist curve for analyzing the overall system stability. The model is validated against time-domain simulations as well as experimental results showing excellent accuracy for predicting the system stability.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2019
Keywords
Multi-input-multi-output (MIMO), Nyquist stability criterion, single-input-single-output (SISO), voltage-source converter (VSC), weak grid, Closed loop systems, Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, MIMO systems, Stability criteria, System stability, Telecommunication repeaters, Time domain analysis, Multi input multi output, Single input single output, Voltage source converters, Transfer functions
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252523 (URN)10.1109/TIA.2019.2898978 (DOI)000466033700073 ()2-s2.0-85064988163 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190613

Available from: 2019-06-13 Created: 2019-06-13 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. Stability Analysis of Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters Using SISO Modeling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Stability Analysis of Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters Using SISO Modeling
Show others...
2019 (English)In: IEEE transactions on power electronics, ISSN 0885-8993, E-ISSN 1941-0107, Vol. 34, no 8, p. 8104-8117Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The interaction of a grid-connected voltage-source converter with a weak grid is of significant interest. In this paper, the converter together with the grid impedance is modeled as a single-input single-output (SISO) system. Provided that certain assumptions hold, this allows us to apply the standard SISO Nyquist stability criterion for stability analysis and controller design. The derivedmodel is verified against time-domain simulations and experiments. Themethod facilitates the design of the converter control system with adequate stability margins.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2019
Keywords
Multi-input multi-output (MIMO), Nyquist stability criterion, single-input single-output (SISO), voltage-source converter (VSC), weak grid
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254067 (URN)10.1109/TPEL.2018.2878930 (DOI)000469912200081 ()2-s2.0-85055891882 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190626

Available from: 2019-06-26 Created: 2019-06-26 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
3. Loop-at-a-Time Stability Analysis for Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Loop-at-a-Time Stability Analysis for Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters
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2021 (English)In: IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, ISSN 2168-6777, E-ISSN 2168-6785, Vol. 9, no 5, p. 5807-5821Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The instability phenomena caused by converter–grid interactions can be prevented by designing controllers with adequate stability margins. Yet, the multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) dynamics of grid-connected voltage-source converters (VSCs) complicate the stability analysis for the controller design. To tackle this challenge, this article presents a loop-at-a-time stability analysis for grid-connected VSCs, which not only shows close correlations with the generalized Nyquist criterion for MIMO systems but also enables to quantify the stability margins of individual closed loops. Moreover, the interactions between the closed loops can be analyzed. Test cases with numerical sensitivity analysis, simulations, and field measurements of a converter validate the theory.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2021
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294361 (URN)10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3024103 (DOI)000702728000056 ()2-s2.0-85116582472 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20221005

Available from: 2021-05-17 Created: 2021-05-17 Last updated: 2022-10-05Bibliographically approved
4. Inaccuracy of Small-Signal Modeling of Grid-Connected VSCs under Phase Jumps and Grid Frequency Deviations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Inaccuracy of Small-Signal Modeling of Grid-Connected VSCs under Phase Jumps and Grid Frequency Deviations
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294359 (URN)
Note

QC 20210527

Available from: 2021-05-17 Created: 2021-05-17 Last updated: 2022-10-05Bibliographically approved
5. Frequency response improvement with synchronous condenser and power electronics converters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Frequency response improvement with synchronous condenser and power electronics converters
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2017 (English)In: 2017 IEEE 3rd International Future Energy Electronics Conference and ECCE Asia, IFEEC - ECCE Asia 2017, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2017, p. 1002-1007, article id 7992178Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper gives an overall review of the working principle of the inertial response from the synchronous condenser for frequency support in the grid. In addition to this, four proposed frequency control strategies for improvement of network frequency response by static energy storage devices, such as the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) with suitable energy storage elements or the battery energy storage system (BESS), are presented. The proposed frequency control strategies are evaluated and benchmarked with the synchronous condenser in the same network. It is shown that a power electronic converter based system with energy storage can be designed with lower rating, still providing the same or better frequency support than the synchronous condenser.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2017
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-223037 (URN)10.1109/IFEEC.2017.7992178 (DOI)000426696300177 ()2-s2.0-85034074684 (Scopus ID)9781509051571 (ISBN)
Conference
3rd IEEE International Future Energy Electronics Conference and ECCE Asia, IFEEC - ECCE Asia 2017, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 3 June 2017 through 7 June 2017
Note

QC 20180214

Available from: 2018-02-14 Created: 2018-02-14 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
6. SISO Transfer Functions for Stability Analysis of Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>SISO Transfer Functions for Stability Analysis of Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters
Show others...
2018 (English)In: 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-NIIGATA 2018 -ECCE ASIA), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018, p. 3684-3691Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Converter grid interaction is of great interest in a weak-grid condition. In this paper, an alternative multi-input multi-output closed-loop system is developed for the stability analysis of grid-connected voltage-source converters. In contrast to the conventional dq-impedance model and the eigenvalue analysis, this model eventually yields a single-input single-output transfer function. This enables to apply a single Nyquist curve for analyzing the overall system stability. The model is validated against time domain simulations and it shows excellent accuracy for predicting the system stability.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018
Series
International Conference on Power Electronics, ISSN 2150-6078
Keywords
multi-input multi-output (MIMO), Nyquist stability criterion, single-input single-output (SISO), voltage-source converter (VSC), weak grid
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-239512 (URN)10.23919/IPEC.2018.8507452 (DOI)000449328903102 ()2-s2.0-85057325164 (Scopus ID)978-4-88686-405-5 (ISBN)
Conference
8th International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata ECCE Asia), MAY 20-24, 2018, Niigata, JAPAN
Available from: 2018-11-27 Created: 2018-11-27 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
7. A Closed-Loop Model for Stability Analysis of Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Closed-Loop Model for Stability Analysis of Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters
2018 (English)In: 2018 IEEE INTERNATIONAL POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATION CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION (PEAC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2018, p. 975-980Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

With an increasing number of grid-connected voltage-source converters in the power system, the stability analysis for the converter-grid interactions is of great interest. This paper proposes a linearized closed-loop model for predicting such stability problems, especially for those occurring under weak-grid conditions. Differing from the other known modeling approaches, a closed-loop model is constructed based on the transfer functions and it contains the control functions as well as the grid impedance. The stability and the individual controller impact can be assessed by the poles and zeros of the closed-loop transfer functions. Lastly, the linearized model is validated against the corresponding time-domain simulations and its excellent accuracy is proofed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018
Series
International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition, ISSN 2572-2301
Keywords
Linearization, closed-loop model, poles, zeros, voltage-source converter (VSC), weak grid
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-270626 (URN)10.1109/PEAC.2018.8590662 (DOI)000468167900175 ()2-s2.0-85060982862 (Scopus ID)
Conference
IEEE International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition (IEEE PEAC), NOV 04-07, 2018, Shenzhen, PEOPLES R CHINA
Note

Part of ISBN 978-1-5386-6054-6

QC 20200311

Available from: 2020-03-11 Created: 2020-03-11 Last updated: 2024-10-31Bibliographically approved

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