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Chemical Modification of Nanostructured Wood for Functional Biocomposites
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Glycoscience.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6464-533x
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Recently emerged top-down processing concept has provided new insights into the chemical modification of wood at the nanoscale. Nanostructured wood with naturally aligned cellulose microfibrils, cell wall nanoporosity, and precisely tuned chemical composition has opened up numerous possibilities for advanced design of functional materials. In this thesis, novel chemical modification strategies have been developed to obtain nanostructural control and surface functionalization of nanostructured wood. Functional biocomposite materials with superior mechanical and optical performance, high CO2 adsorption capacity, and immobilized protein have been fabricated using the novel chemically modified nanostructured wood. 

The direct preparation of nanostructured wood from hardwood balsa was achieved by structure retaining delignification using acidic sodium chlorite. Crosslinking of the matrix polysaccharides using a homobifunctional epoxide compound was necessary as a pretreatment step for softwood spruce to maintain its structure integrity after complete delignification. Further chemical modification of delignified balsa wood through 2,2,6,6-tetrametylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation selectively oxidized surface hydroxyls to carboxyl groups and induced fibrillation of cellulose microfibrils within the cell wall. Therefore, TEMPO-oxidized wood (TO-wood) with high carboxylate content (0.78 mmol g-1), high specific surface area (249 m2 g-1), and large mesopore volume (0.78 cm3 g-1) was successfully produced. Tunable microstructure of TO-wood was subsequently obtained by incorporating different counterions (H+, Cu2+, Al3+, Zn2+) or by employing different drying methods (super critical drying and freeze drying). In addition, surface amination method was also developed on highly mesoporous delignified spruce cellulose scaffold to introduce a reactive handle for immobilization of biomolecules. These chemically modified nanostructured wood have inspired the fabrication of wood-based biocomposites with new functionalities that are not possible with traditional wood materials.

Delignified balsa wood showed stronger hydrophilicity and larger porosity, which allowed the formation of composite hydrogels through infiltration of gelatin and crosslinking with genipin. The composite hydrogels showed high mechanical strength under compression and low swelling in physiological condition. The preserved cellular structure and fibrillated cellulose microfibrils in TO-wood enabled facile fabrication of compressible aerogel and exceptionally strong film (tensile strength of 449 MPa and Young’s modulus of 51 GPa) upon different drying conditions. Fibrillation of cellulose microfibrils was also found critical to the inter-penetration between cell wall and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel network, producing tough and highly transparent composite hydrogel with a total transmittance of 85.8% at thickness of 2 mm. The TO-wood/PNIPAM hydrogel was able to reversibly switch between transparent and brightly white in response to environmental temperature change between 25 and 40 °C. Surface carboxyl groups of TO-wood also facilitated the surface coordination of cell wall to multivalent metal ions, which subsequently enhanced the in situ synthesis of metal organic frameworks (MOFs). The resulting TO-wood/Cu3(BTC)2 (copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) composite aerogel showed high specific surface area of 471 m2 g-1 and high CO2 adsorption capacity of 1.46 mmol g-1 at 25 °C under atmosphere pressure. The highly mesoporous and mechanical robust spruce derived cellulose scaffold laden with reactive amine groups allowed covalent immobilization of functional biomolecules, such as a lectin protein concanavalin A, which demonstrated potential glycoprotein-binding and separation applications.

Abstract [sv]

Miljövänliga top-down-metoder som börja med trä har gett ny insikt i forskning om kemiskmodifiering i nanoskalan. Nanostrukturerat trä med naturligt orienteradecellulosamikrofibriller, nanoporösa cellväggar och exakt avstämd kemisk sammansättninghar öppnat många möjligheter för avancerad design av funktionella material. I dennaavhandling har nya kemiska modifieringsstrategier utvecklats för att erhålla nanostrukturellkontroll och ytfunktionalisering av nanostrukturerat trä. Funktionella biokompositmaterialmed höga mekaniska egenskaper och hög optisk prestanda, hög CO2-adsorptionskapacitetoch immobiliserat protein har tillverkats med det nya kemiskt modifieradenanostrukturerade träet.

Den direkta beredningen av nanostrukturerat trä från balsa uppnåddes genom delignifieringsom bevarar träets naturliga struktur. Tvärbindning av matrispolysackariderna medanvändning av det homofunktionella tvärbindningsmedlet butandiol-diglycidyleter varnödvändig som ett förbehandlingssteg för gran för att bibehålla dess strukturella integritetefter fullständig delignifiering. Ytterligare kemisk modifiering av delignifierat balsa genom2,2,6,6-tetrametylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-medierad oxidation selektivt oxideradeythydroxyler till karboxylgrupper och inducerad fibrillering av cellulosamikrofibriller icellväggen. Därför framställdes framgångsrikt TEMPO-oxiderat trä (TO-trä) med högkarboxylathalt (0,78 mmol g-1), hög specifik yta (249 m2 g-1) och stor mesoporvolym (0,78 cm3g-1). Avstämbar mikrostruktur av TO-trä erhölls därefter genom att inkorporera olikamotjoner (H+, Cu2+, Al3+, Zn2+) eller genom att använda olika torkningsmetoder (superkritisktorkning och frystorkning). Dessutom var ytan amineringsmetod också utvecklat på mycketmesoporöst delignifierade grancellulosa ställning för att införa ett reaktivt handtag förimmobilisering av biomolekyler. Dessa kemiskt modifierade nanostrukturerade trä harinspirerat tillverkningen av träbaserade biokompositer med nya funktioner som inte ärmöjliga med traditionella trämaterial.

Delignifierat balsaträ visade starkare hydrofilicitet och större porositet, vilket möjliggjordebildandet av komposithydrogeler genom infiltrering av gelatin och tvärbindning med genipin.Komposithydrogelerna uppvisade hög mekanisk hållfasthet under kompression och lågsvullnad i fysiologiskt tillstånd. Den bevarade cellulära strukturen och fibrilleradecellulosamikrofibriller i TO-trä möjliggjorde enkel tillverkning av kompressibel airgel ochexceptionellt stark film (draghållfasthet 449 MPa och Youngs modul på 51 GPa) vid olikatorkningsförhållanden. Fibrillering av cellulosamikrofibriller visade sig också vara kritisk förinterpenetrationen mellan cellvägg och poly(N-isopropylakrylamid) (PNIPAM)hydrogelnätverk, vilket producerar tuff och mycket transparent komposithydrogel med entotal transmittans på 85,8% vid en tjocklek av 2 mm. TO- trä/PNIPAM hydrogel kunde växlamellan transparent och vitt som svar på temperaturförändringar mellan 25 och 40 °C.Ytkarboxylgrupper av TO-trä underlättade också ytkoordinering av cellvägg till multivalentametalljoner, vilket därefter förbättrade in situ-syntesen av metallorganiska ramar (MOFs).Den resulterande TO-trä/Cu3 (BTC)2 (kopparbensen-1,3,5-trikarboxylat) komposit-aerogelenuppvisade hög specifik yta på 471 m2 g-1 och hög CO2-adsorptionskapacitet på 1,46 mmol g-1vid 25 °C under atmosfärstryck. Den mycket mesoporösa och mekanisk robust gran härleddcellulosa nätverk lastat med reaktiva amingrupper är tillåtna kovalent immobilisering avfunktionella biomolekyler, såsom ett lektin protein konkanavalin A, som visade potentiellaglykoprotein-bindande och separationstillämpningar. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 89
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2021:22
Keywords [en]
Wood; nanostructured materials; nanocellulose; delignification; oxidation; crosslinking; amination; MOFs; transparent film; hydrogel; aerogel; biocomposites; mechanical properties; thermochromic materials; CO2 capture; protein immobilization.
National Category
Polymer Chemistry Composite Science and Engineering
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293904ISBN: 978-91-7873-887-8 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-293904DiVA, id: diva2:1555818
Public defence
2021-06-11, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67184873616, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2021-05-19

Available from: 2021-05-19 Created: 2021-05-19 Last updated: 2022-07-11Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. High strength and low swelling composite hydrogels from gelatin and delignified wood
Open this publication in new window or tab >>High strength and low swelling composite hydrogels from gelatin and delignified wood
2020 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 10, no 1, article id 17842Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A delignified wood template with hydrophilic characteristics and high porosity was obtained by removal of lignin. Gelatin was infiltrated into the delignified wood and further crosslinked with a natural crosslinker genipin to form hydrogels. The composite hydrogels showed high mechanical strength under compression and low swelling in physiological condition. The effect of genipin concentrations (1, 50 and 100 mM) on structure and properties of the composite hydrogels were studied. A porous honeycomb structure with tunable pore size and porosity was observed in the freeze-dried composite hydrogels. High elastic modulus of 11.82 +/- 1.51 MPa and high compressive yield stress of 689.3 +/- 34.9 kPa were achieved for the composite hydrogel with a water content as high as 81%. The equilibrium water uptake of the freeze-dried hydrogel in phosphate buffered saline at 37 degrees C was as low as 407.5%. These enables the delignified wood structure an excellent template in composite hydrogel preparation by using infiltration and in-situ synthesis, particularly when high mechanical strength and stiffness are desired.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Nature Research, 2020
National Category
Bio Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286616 (URN)10.1038/s41598-020-74860-w (DOI)000585239000016 ()33082476 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85093100280 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20201130

Available from: 2020-11-30 Created: 2020-11-30 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
2. Self‐Densification of Highly Mesoporous Wood Structure into a Strong and Transparent Film
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Self‐Densification of Highly Mesoporous Wood Structure into a Strong and Transparent Film
Show others...
2020 (English)In: Advanced Materials, ISSN 0935-9648, E-ISSN 1521-4095, Vol. 32, no 42, article id 2003653Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In the native wood cell wall, cellulose microfibrils are highly aligned and organized in the secondary cell wall. A new preparation strategy is developed to achieve individualization of cellulose microfibrils within the wood cell wall structure without introducing mechanical disintegration. The resulting mesoporous wood structure has a high specific surface area of 197 m2 g−1 when prepared by freeze‐drying using liquid nitrogen, and 249 m2 g−1 by supercritical drying. These values are 5 to 7 times higher than conventional delignified wood (36 m2 g−1) dried by supercritical drying. Such highly mesoporous structure with individualized cellulose microfibrils maintaining their natural alignment and organization can be processed into aerogels with high porosity and high compressive strength. In addition, a strong film with a tensile strength of 449.1 ± 21.8 MPa and a Young's modulus of 51.1 ± 5.2 GPa along the fiber direction is obtained simply by air drying owing to the self‐densification of cellulose microfibrils driven by the elastocapillary forces upon water evaporation. The self‐densified film also shows high optical transmittance (80%) and high optical haze (70%) with interesting biaxial light scattering behavior owing to the natural alignment of cellulose microfibrils.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2020
National Category
Polymer Chemistry Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287840 (URN)10.1002/adma.202003653 (DOI)000567367100001 ()32881202 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85090111196 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250228

Available from: 2020-12-18 Created: 2020-12-18 Last updated: 2025-02-28Bibliographically approved
3. Strong Thermochromic Hydrogel from Wood Derived Highly Mesoporous Cellulose Network and PNIPAM
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Strong Thermochromic Hydrogel from Wood Derived Highly Mesoporous Cellulose Network and PNIPAM
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Polymer Chemistry Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293900 (URN)
Note

QC 20210505

Available from: 2021-05-04 Created: 2021-05-04 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
4. Strong Foam-like Composites from Highly Mesoporous Wood and Metal Organic Frameworks for Efficient CO2 Capture
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Strong Foam-like Composites from Highly Mesoporous Wood and Metal Organic Frameworks for Efficient CO2 Capture
2021 (English)In: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, ISSN 1944-8244, E-ISSN 1944-8252, Vol. 13, no 25, p. 29949-29959Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Mechanical stability and multicycle durability are essential for emerging solid sorbents to maintain an efficient CO2 adsorption capacity and reduce cost. In this work, a strong foam-like composite is developed as a CO2 sorbent by the in situ growth of thermally stable and microporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in a mesoporous cellulose template derived from balsa wood, which is delignified by using sodium chlorite and further functionalized by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation. The surface carboxyl groups in the TEMPO-oxidized wood template (TO-wood) facilitate the coordination of the cellulose network with multivalent metal ions and thus enable the nucleation and in situ growth of MOFs including copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate [Cu3(BTC)2], zinc 2-methylimidazolate, and aluminum benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate. The TO-wood/Cu3(BTC)2 composite shows a high specific surface area of 471 m2 g–1 and a high CO2 adsorption capacity of 1.46 mmol g–1 at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure. It also demonstrates high durability during the temperature swing cyclic CO2 adsorption/desorption test. In addition, the TO-wood/Cu3(BTC)2 composite is lightweight but exceptionally strong with a specific elastic modulus of 3034 kN m kg–1 and a specific yield strength of 68 kN m kg–1 under the compression test. The strong and durable TO-wood/MOF composites can potentially be used as a solid sorbent for CO2 capture, and their application can possibly be extended to environmental remediation, gas separation and purification, insulation, and catalysis.

Keywords
Wood, Composites, Adsorption, Metal organic frameworks, Cells
National Category
Polymer Chemistry Materials Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293899 (URN)10.1021/acsami.1c06637 (DOI)000670430100068 ()34130452 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85110218855 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210610

Available from: 2021-05-04 Created: 2021-05-04 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
5. Softwood Derived Functional Cellulose Scaffold towards Biomacromolecule Immobilization and Bioseparation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Softwood Derived Functional Cellulose Scaffold towards Biomacromolecule Immobilization and Bioseparation
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Materials Chemistry Polymer Chemistry Bio Materials
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293902 (URN)
Note

QCR 20210505

Available from: 2021-05-04 Created: 2021-05-04 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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