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Multianalyte serology in home-sampled blood enables an unbiased assessment of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Micro and Nanosystems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7147-6730
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Affinity Proteomics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9329-2353
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Affinity Proteomics. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5788-7744
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Affinity Proteomics.
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2021 (English)In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 12, no 1, article id 3695Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Serological testing is essential to curb the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, most assays are still limited to single analytes and samples collected within healthcare. Thus, we establish a multianalyte and multiplexed approach to reliably profile IgG and IgM levels against several versions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins (S, RBD, N) in home-sampled dried blood spots (DBS). We analyse DBS collected during spring of 2020 from 878 random and undiagnosed individuals from the population in Stockholm, Sweden, and use classification approaches to estimate an accumulated seroprevalence of 12.5% (95% CI: 10.3%-14.7%). This includes 5.4% of the samples being IgG(+)IgM(+) against several SARS-CoV-2 proteins, as well as 2.1% being IgG(-)IgM(+) and 5.0% being IgG(+)IgM(-) for the virus' S protein. Subjects classified as IgG(+) for several SARS-CoV-2 proteins report influenza-like symptoms more frequently than those being IgG(+) for only the S protein (OR=6.1; p<0.001). Among all seropositive cases, 30% are asymptomatic. Our strategy enables an accurate individual-level and multiplexed assessment of antibodies in home-sampled blood, assisting our understanding about the undiagnosed seroprevalence and diversity of the immune response against the coronavirus. Here, Roxhed et al. develop a multiplexed approach to screen IgG and IgM levels against several SARS-CoV-2 proteins in home-sampled dried blood spots and estimate seroprevalence of 12.5% in Stockholm in spring of 2020.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2021. Vol. 12, no 1, article id 3695
National Category
Infectious Medicine
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299050DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23893-4ISI: 000665032700017PubMedID: 34140485Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85108119441OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-299050DiVA, id: diva2:1582367
Note

QC 20210730

Available from: 2021-07-30 Created: 2021-07-30 Last updated: 2026-01-15Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Applications of multiplexed immunoassays for precision medicine
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Applications of multiplexed immunoassays for precision medicine
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Proteins are molecules that play central roles in almost all biological processes. Their abundance in cells, tissues, and body fluids is dynamic, reflecting both physiological states and disease-related changes. When studying proteins, a major challenge is distinguishing normal biological variation from alterations that indicate early or ongoing disease. Using proteomics, a term that describes measuring hundreds of proteins at the same time, will deepen our understanding of how protein signatures relate to health and disease. This will assist to establish molecular measurements of so-called biomarkers that support precision medicine through earlier detection, better disease stratification, and more individualized treatment strategies. 

In the studies included in this thesis, we applied affinity proteomics techniques to investigate how levels of antibodies and proteins in blood samples related to health and disease and to expand our understanding of protein-protein interactions of drug targets. 

Although proteins can be measured in different sample types, blood offers a minimally invasive window into our body and to measure molecules coming from many organs and biological processes. Home-sampled dried blood spots (DBS) has gained renewed interest due to the recent development of newer and more accurate sampling cards. In several studies included in this thesis, we demonstrate that DBS can be used in the general population sampling without relying on or involving clinical facilities and healthcare resources. In Paper I, we established an analytical procedure for measuring home-sampled DBS for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. In Paper II, we expanded this effort to protein measurements and longitudinal sampling. In Paper III, we showed the importance of even more frequent DBS sampling for capturing the dynamic changes of inflammation-related proteins following infection. This demonstrated how these early changes in DBS protein levels can support the timing of clinical interventions. Together, these findings of our studies highlight the potential of DBS for remote and continuous health monitoring for precision health approaches.

Proteins are also among the most common targets of therapeutic drugs. Still, many proteins interact also with other proteins, and such complexes can critically influence how a drug binds to its target, its therapeutic efficacy, and the risk of side effects. In Paper IV, we established an affinity proteomics workflow for validating binding reagents, which we then applied in Paper V to investigate potential protein-protein interactions of membrane proteins. The gained insights and knowledge can contribute to improve our understanding of biologically relevant protein interactions aiding the development of more selective and effective drug candidates. 

Overall, the studies presented in this thesis contribute with valuable insights to the transition toward precision health by enabling scalable remote sampling and by deepening our understanding of protein interactions relevant to both normal physiology and disease.

Abstract [sv]

Proteiner är molekyler som spelar centrala roller i nästan alla biologiska processer. Deras nivåer i celler, vävnader och kroppsvätskor är dynamiska och speglar både normala fysiologiska tillstånd och sjukdomsrelaterade förändringar. En stor utmaning med att studera proteiner är att kunna skilja normal biologisk variation från förändringar som kan indikera tidig eller pågående sjukdom. Genom att använda proteomik, en term för att beskriva mätningen av hundratals proteiner samtidigt, kan vi fördjupa vår förståelse för hur proteinsignaturer relaterar till hälsa och sjukdom. Detta kan i sin tur bidra till att etablera molekylära mätningar av så kallade biomarkörer som kan stödja precisionsmedicin genom tidigare diagnos, bättre riskstratifiering och mer individanpassade behandlingsstrategier.

I studierna som ingår i denna avhandling har vi tillämpat affinitetsbaserade proteomikmetoder. Först för att undersöka hur nivåer av antikroppar och proteiner i blodprover relaterar till hälsa och sjukdom. Sedan för att utöka vår förståelse för protein-protein-interaktioner mellan potentiella läkemedelsmål.

Proteiner kan mätas i många olika provtyper, men blod erbjuder ett minimalt invasivt provmaterial som innehåller molekyler från många organ och biologiska processer. Hemprovtagna torkade blodfläckar (Dried Blood Spots, DBS) har fått förnyat intresse tack vare utvecklingen av nyare och mer tillförlitliga provtagningskort. I flera av studierna i denna avhandling visar vi att DBS är lämpligt för provtagning i befolkningen utan att förlita sig på eller involvera vården. I Artikel I utvecklade vi en analysmetod för att mäta antikroppar mot SARS-CoV-2 i hemtagna DBS-prover. I Artikel II utökade vi detta till proteinmätningar och longitudinell provtagning. I Artikel III visade vi vikten av ännu mer frekvent DBS-provtagning för att fånga de dynamiska förändringarna av inflammationsrelaterade proteiner efter infektion. Detta visade hur dessa tidiga förändringar I DBS-nivåer kan stödja tidpunkten för kliniska ingrepp. Dessa studier visar på potentialen hos DBS som ett verktyg för övervakning och kontinuerlig hälsokontroll inom precisionshälsa utanför sjukhus eller vårdcentraler.

Proteiner är också bland de vanligaste målen för terapeutiska läkemedel, men många proteiner bildar komplex och interagerar med andra proteiner. Dessa interaktioner kan påverka hur läkemedel binder, deras effektivitet och risken för biverkningar. I Artikel IV etablerade vi ett protokoll för att validera bindningsreagens med hjälp av affinitetsmetoder. Den validerade reagensen tillämpade vi sedan i Artikel V för att undersöka potentiella protein-protein-interaktioner hos membranproteiner. Denna kunskap kan i framtiden bidra till att utveckla mer selektiva och effektiva läkemedel.

Sammanfattningsvis bidrar avhandlingens arbeten med värdefulla insikter som stödjer övergången mot precisionshälsa, genom att möjliggöra provtagning utanför sjukhusmiljö och genom att öka vår förståelse för proteininteraktioner som är relevanta för både normal fysiologi och sjukdom.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 93
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:3
Keywords
affinity proteomics, precision medicine, remote sampling, home-sampling, protein profiling, dried blood spots, DBS, proteomics, serology, olink, suspension bead array, GPCR, RAMP, GPCR-RAMP, protein interactions, protein-protein interactions, membrane proteins
National Category
Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375451 (URN)978-91-8106-512-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-02-06, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62549123996, Air & Fire, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
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Note

QC 2026-01-15

Available from: 2026-01-15 Created: 2026-01-15 Last updated: 2026-01-20Bibliographically approved

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Roxhed, NiclasBendes, AnnikaDale, MatildaMattsson, CeciliaDodig-Crnkovic, TeaThomas, Cecilia E.Hong, Mun-GwanFredolini, ClaudiaSchwenk, Jochen M.

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Roxhed, NiclasBendes, AnnikaDale, MatildaMattsson, CeciliaHanke, LeoDodig-Crnkovic, TeaElsasser, SimonThomas, Cecilia E.Hong, Mun-GwanFredolini, ClaudiaSchwenk, Jochen M.
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