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Ge/high-k Gates for Monolithic 3D Integration
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Embedded systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6214-0004
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Continuous scaling of transistor dimensions has been in the heart of semiconductorindustry for many years. Recently the scaling has been enabled by various performance boosters which resulted in increased processing complexity and cost, forcing the chip manufacturers to look for some alternative solutions. Monolithic 3D integration has been identified as a promising candidate for future CMOS technology nodes, as it could enable a further increasein device density through stacking tiers of older and cheaper generation transistorson top of each other. One of the major challenges faced by monolithic 3D integration is the thermal budget during upper tier fabrication since high temperature steps used in conventional CMOS processing can damage the bottom tier devices. To this respect, Ge has an advantage over Si due to its intrinsically low processing temperature. However, realizing Ge devices that provide performance and reliability comparable to Si devices is not straight forward. Gate stack formation in Ge devices is particularly challenging, as Ge lacks a stable oxide for surface passivation.

In this work, gate stack solutions for Ge-based devices for monolithic 3D integration applications have been extensively studied. Low temperature Ge surface passivation with GeOx and Si-cap process has been investigated and characterized in terms of interface state density, oxide trap density and fixed charge density. GeOx has been integrated with other high-k dielectrics, suchas Al2O3, Tm2O3 and HfO2, and with the help of post deposition and forming gas treatments provided sufficient surface passivation with low interface state density. However, devices with GeOx passivation suffered from poor reliability stemming from the lack of thermal stability and high oxide trap density in GeOx layer. On the other hand, Si-cap integrated with TmSiO interfacial layer has been shown to provide both low interface trap density and oxide trap density, albeit within a narrow process window for Si-cap growth conditions. Selected gate stacks with GeOx and Si-cap passivation have been integrated in Ge pFET process on in-house fabricated germanium on insulator substrates. Subthreshold slope values inline with previous reports have been achieved, as well as 60 % higher hole mobility than in reference silicon on insulator pFETs. Moreover, initial results of Si-cap and TmSiO interfacial layer integration ingermanium on insulator nFETs have been demonstrated.

This work presents both advantages and limitations of each gate stacksolution on Ge platform. The processes employed in this work are monolithic 3D integration compatible, and demonstrate that with some process optimization Ge transistors could be integrated on Si platform in monolithic3D integration fashion.

Abstract [sv]

Kontinuerlig nedskalning av transistorers dimensioner har varit A och O för halvledarindustrin. Den senaste nedskalningen har möjliggjorts tack vare olika prestandaförbättrare, men med dessa förbättrare har tillverkningskostnad och komplexitet ökat, vilket har lett till att chiptillverkare måste söka efter alternativa lösningar. En lovande kandidat för framtida teknologinoder är monolitisk 3D integration, där fördelen är att transistortätheten ökas genom att stapla transistorer från tidigare och billigare teknologinoder på varandra. En av de stora utmaningarna för monolitisk 3D integration är att värmebudgeten är begränsad för de övre transistorskikten eftersom att höga temperaturer, vilket krävs i konventionell transistortillverkning, kommer att förstöratransistor på de lägre skikten. Germaniumtransistorer har intrinsiskt en fördel mot kiseltransistorer i detta avseende då tillverkningen kan ske vid lägre temperatur. Dock är det utmanande att tillverka germaniumtransistorer som har prestanda och tillförlitlighet som är jämförbar med den som kiseltransistorer har. Gate-stapeltillverkningen för germaniumtransistorer är synnerligen utmanande då germanium saknar en stabil oxid som passiverar ytan.

I detta arbete har lösningar till gate-tillverkningen för germaniumtransistorer för monolitisk 3D integration undersökts utförligt. Lågtemperaturprocesser för ytpassivering av germanium med germaniumoxid (GeOx) och kiselskikt (eng. Si-cap) har undersökts och karaktäriserats med avseende på tätheten på gränssnittsdefekter, fälltäthet i oxiden och fixa laddningstäthet. GeOx har integrerats tillsammans med hög-permittivitetsdielektrika, såsomaluminiumoxid (Al2O3), tuliumoxid (Tm2O3) och hafniumoxid (HfO2), och m.h.a. post-deponerings- och formgasbehandling kunde ytan passiveras tillräckligtför att uppnå en låg täthet av gränssnittsdefekter. Dock led komponenter med GeOx-passivering av dålig tillförlitlighet p.g.a. bristande termisk stabilitet och en hög fälltäthet i GeOx-skiktet. Å andra sidan uppvisade kiselskikt integrerat med ett gränssnittsskikt av tuliumsilikat (TmSiO) både låg gränssnittsfälltäthet och oxidfälltäthet, förvisso inom ett snävt tillverkningsfönster för kiselskikt tillväxt. Några utvalda gate-processer med GeOx och kiselskiktspassivering har implementerats i tillverkningsflödet för p-typ germaniumtransistorer på germanium-på-isolator substrat. Subtröskelskarakteristik som är jämförbara med värden i litteraturen har uppnåtts samt 60% högre hålkanalsmobilitet jämfört med referens-kiseltransistorer på kisel-på-isolator substrat. Utöver detta presenteras preliminära resultat från n-typ germaniumtransistorer med kiselskiktspassivering och ett gränssnittsskikt av tuliumsilikat.

Detta arbete presenterar både fördelar och begränsningar för varje gatestapellösning för germaniumplattformen. Processflödena som har använts i detta arbete är kompatibla med monolitisk 3D integration, och med processoptimering kan germaniumtransistorer integreras på en kiselplattform via monolitisk 3D integration.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 81
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2021:60
Keywords [en]
Germanium, high-k, monolithic, 3D, germanium on insulator, GOI, germanium oxide, GeOx, Si-cap, Si-passivation, interface state density, Dit, low temperature, MOSFET
Keywords [sv]
germanium, hög-permittivitetsdielektrika, monolitisk, 3D, germaniumpå- isolator, GOI, germaniumoxid, GeOx, kiselskikt, kiselpassivering, gränssnittsfälltäthet, Dit, låg temperatur, MOSFET
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Information and Communication Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302649ISBN: 978-91-7873-996-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-302649DiVA, id: diva2:1598189
Public defence
2021-10-22, Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62697101332?pwd=bm1Ld0duTWtUQ1puR2t1UXNtN2g4QT09, Sal C, Kistagången 16, Kista, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Note

QC 20210930

Available from: 2021-09-30 Created: 2021-09-28 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The impact of atomic layer depositions on high quality Ge/GeO2 interfaces fabricated by rapid thermal annealing in O2 ambient
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The impact of atomic layer depositions on high quality Ge/GeO2 interfaces fabricated by rapid thermal annealing in O2 ambient
2017 (English)In: 2017 IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference, EDTM 2017 - Proceedings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2017, p. 164-166, article id 7947553Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This work demonstrates high quality Ge/GeO2 interfaces fabricated by O2 RTA that are degraded by a good quality SiO2 layer deposited by ALD. However, neither O3 and H2O precursors commonly used during subsequent high-k ALDs nor Si precursor AP-LTO-330 do not degrade the interface. Thus Dit increase after SiO2 deposition is likely due to intermixing. Therefore, the effect of subsequent ALDs on the interface quality has to be considered while designing Ge-based gate stacks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2017
Keywords
Germanium, GeO2, high-k, ALD, D-it
National Category
Other Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214907 (URN)10.1109/EDTM.2017.7947553 (DOI)000409022100069 ()2-s2.0-85021891351 (Scopus ID)978-1-5090-4660-7 (ISBN)
Conference
2017 IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference, EDTM 2017, Toyama, Japan, 28 February 2017 through 2 March 2017
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Note

QC 20171020

Available from: 2017-10-20 Created: 2017-10-20 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
2. Investigation of Tm2O3 as a gate dielectric for Ge MOS devices
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Investigation of Tm2O3 as a gate dielectric for Ge MOS devices
Show others...
2018 (English)In: ECS Transactions, Electrochemical Society, 2018, Vol. 86, no 7, p. 67-73Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this work atomic layer deposited Tm2O3 has been investigated as a high-k dielectric for Ge-based gate stacks. It is shown that when Tm2O3 is deposited on high-quality Ge/GeO2 gates, the interface state density of the gate stack is degraded. A series of post-deposition anneals are studied in order to improve the interface state density of Ge/GeOx/Tm2O3 gates, and it is demonstrated that a rapid thermal anneal in O2 ambient can effectively reduce the interface state density to below 5-1011 cm-2eV-1 without increasing the equivalent oxide thickness. Fixed charge density in Ge/GeOx/Tm2O3 gates has also been investigated, and it is shown that while O2 post-deposition anneal improves the interface state density, the fixed charge density is degraded.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Electrochemical Society, 2018
Series
ECS Transactions, ISSN 1938-6737 ; 86
National Category
Other Materials Engineering Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246529 (URN)10.1149/08607.0067ecst (DOI)000542954300008 ()2-s2.0-85058463674 (Scopus ID)
Conference
8th Symposium on SiGe, Ge, and Related Compounds: Materials, Processing, and Devices - AiMES 2018, ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, 30 September 2018 through 4 October 2018
Note

QC 20190320

Available from: 2019-03-20 Created: 2019-03-20 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
3. Improvement on Ge/GeOx/Tm2O3/HfO2 Gate Performance by Forming Gas Anneal
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Improvement on Ge/GeOx/Tm2O3/HfO2 Gate Performance by Forming Gas Anneal
2021 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The improvement of forming gas anneal (10 % H2 in N2) at 400 °C on electrical properties of Ge/GeOx/Tm2O3/HfO2 gate stacks is investigated. It is found that forming gas anneal effectively suppresses fixed charge density, oxide trap density and interface state density. Hydrogen is demonstrated to efficiently passivate the negative fixed charge density and reduce the global variability of the flatband voltage down to 90 mV over a wafer. A forming gas anneal is also found to reduce equivalent oxide thickness in scaled gate stacks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE, 2021
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302647 (URN)
Conference
IEEE 51st European Solid-State Device Research Conference ESSDERC 2021, Grenoble, France [virtual] 13-17 September 2021
Note

QC 20210930

Available from: 2021-09-28 Created: 2021-09-28 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
4. Process Conditions for Low Interface State Density in Si-passivated Ge Devices with TmSiO Interfacial Layer
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Process Conditions for Low Interface State Density in Si-passivated Ge Devices with TmSiO Interfacial Layer
2020 (English)In: ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, ISSN 2162-8769, E-ISSN 2162-8777, Vol. 9, no 12, article id 125009Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this work we study the epitaxial Si growth with Si2H6 for Ge surface passivation in CMOS devices. The Si-caps are grown on Ge in the hydrogen desorption limited regime at a nominal temperature of 400 degrees C. We evaluate the process window for the interface state density and show that there is an optimal Si-cap thickness between 8 and 9 monolayers for D-it < 510(11) cm(-2) eV(-1). Moreover, we discuss the strong impact of the Si-cap growth time and temperature on the interface state density, which arises from the Si thickness dependence on these growth parameters. Furthermore, we successfully transfer a TmSiO/Tm2O3/HfO2 gate stack process from Si to Ge devices with optimized Si-cap, yielding interface state density of 310(11) eV(-1) cm(-2) and a significant improvement in oxide trap density compared to GeOx passivation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
The Electrochemical Society, 2020
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289536 (URN)10.1149/2162-8777/abd48c (DOI)000605364100001 ()2-s2.0-85100150407 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210203

Available from: 2021-02-03 Created: 2021-02-03 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
5. Germanium on Insulator Fabrication for Monolithic 3-D Integration
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Germanium on Insulator Fabrication for Monolithic 3-D Integration
Show others...
2018 (English)In: IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society, E-ISSN 2168-6734, Vol. 6, no 1, p. 588-593Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A low temperature (T-max = 350 degrees C) process for Germanium (Ge) on insulator (GOI) substrate fabrication with thicknesses of less than 25 nm is reported in this paper. The process is based on a single step epitaxial growth of a Ge/SiGe/Ge stack on Si, room temperature wafer bonding and an etch-back process using Si0.5Ge0.5 as an etch-stop layer. GOI substrates with surface roughness below 0.5 nm, 0.15% tensile strain, thickness nonuniformity of less than 3 nm and residual p-type doping of less than 1016 cm(-3) were fabricated. Ge pFETs are fabricated (T-max = 600 degrees C) on the GOI wafer with 70% yield. The devices exhibit a negative threshold voltage of -0.18 V and 60% higher mobility than the SOI pFET reference devices.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC, 2018
Keywords
GOI, wafer bonding, selective etching, GOI MOSFET, 3D integration
National Category
Materials Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231645 (URN)10.1109/JEDS.2018.2801335 (DOI)000435505000007 ()2-s2.0-85041650674 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Note

QC 20211004

Available from: 2018-09-04 Created: 2018-09-04 Last updated: 2023-02-06Bibliographically approved

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