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LiMNet: Early-Stage Detection of IoT Botnets with Lightweight Memory Networks
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Software and Computer systems, SCS.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0223-8907
University of Insubria.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5783-8638
University of Insubria.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7502-4731
University of Insubria.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7312-6769
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2021 (English)In: Computer Security – ESORICS 2021: 26th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Darmstadt, Germany, October 4–8, 2021, Proceedings, Part I / [ed] Elisa Bertino, Haya Shulman, Michael Waidner, Springer Nature , 2021Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

IoT devices have been growing exponentially in the last few years. This growth makes them an attractive target for attackers due to their low computational power and limited security features. Attackers use IoT botnets as an instrument to perform DDoS attacks which caused major disruptions of Internet services in the last decade. While many works have tackled the task of detecting botnet attacks, only a few have considered early-stage detection of these botnets during their propagation phase.

While previous approaches analyze each network packet individually to predict its maliciousness, we propose a novel deep learning model called LiMNet (Lightweight Memory Network), which uses an internal memory component to capture the behaviour of each IoT device over time. This memory incorporates both packet features and behaviour of the peer devices. With this information, LiMNet achieves almost maximum AUROC classification scores, between 98.8% and 99.7%, with a 14% improvement over state of the art. LiMNet is also lightweight, performing inference almost 8 times faster than previous approaches.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2021.
Series
Lecture Notes in Computer Science ; 12972
Keywords [en]
IoT, botnet detection, machine learning
National Category
Communication Systems
Research subject
Computer Science; Telecommunication
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-303027DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-88418-5_29ISI: 000772653800029Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85116855549OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-303027DiVA, id: diva2:1600469
Conference
Computer Security - ESORICS 2021 - 26th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Darmstadt, Germany, October 4-8, 2021
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 813162
Note

Part of proceedings: ISBN 978-3-030-88417-8

QC 20230117

Available from: 2021-10-05 Created: 2021-10-05 Last updated: 2023-12-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Towards Decentralized Graph Learning
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards Decentralized Graph Learning
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Current Machine Learning (ML) approaches typically present either a centralized or federated architecture. However, these architectures cannot easily keep up with some of the challenges introduced by recent trends, such as the growth in the number of IoT devices, increasing awareness about the privacy and security implications of extensive data collection, and the rise of graph-structured data and Graph Representation Learning. Systems based on either direct data collection or Federated Learning contain centralized, privileged systems that may act as scalability bottlenecks and dangerous single points of failure, while requiring users to trust the privacy protections and security practices in place. The combination of these issues ultimately leads to data waste, as opportunities to extract insights from available data are missed and thus the full societal benefits of advanced data analytics and ML are not realized.

In this thesis, we argue for a paradigm shift towards a completely decentralized and trustless architecture for privacy-aware Graph Representation Learning, which employs Gossip Learning and other gossip-based peer-to-peer techniques to achieve high levels of scalability and resilience while reducing the risk of privacy leaks. We then identify and pursue three key research directions necessary to achieve our vision: lifting unrealistic assumptions on Gossip Learning, identifying and developing specific use cases that are enabled or improved by gossip-based decentralization, and overcoming the obstacles to the deployment of decentralized training and inference for Graph Representation Learning models.

 Based on these key directions, our contributions are as follows. First, we analyze the robustness of Gossip Learning when several unrealistic but often assumed conditions are lifted. Then, we exploit Gossip Learning and gossip-based peer-to-peer protocols more in general across three use cases: the collaborative training of differentially-private Naive Bayes classifiers across organizations holding sensitive user data; the construction of decentralized, privacy-preserving data marketplaces; and the development and decentralization of early-stage IoT botnet detection systems based on Graph Representation Learning. Finally, we introduce a general framework for the fully-decentralized training of Graph Neural Networks, overcoming the typical requirement of these models to access non-local information during training and inference.

 The combination of these contributions removes major roadblocks towards decentralized graph learning, and also opens a new research direction aimed at further developing and optimizing the fully-decentralized training of Graph Representation Learning models.

Abstract [sv]

Dagens metoder för maskininlärning (ML) har vanligtvis antingen en centraliserad eller federerad arkitektur. Dessa arkitekturer kan dock inte lätt hålla jämna steg med några av de utmaningar som introducerats av de senaste trenderna, som till exempel ökningen av antalet IoT-enheter, ökad medvetenhet om integritets- och säkerhetskonsekvenserna av omfattande datainsamling samt ökningen av grafstrukturerad data och Graph Representation Learning. System baserade på antingen direkt datainsamling eller federerad inlärning innehåller centraliserade, privilegierade system som kan vara flaskhalsar och riskerar bli kritiska sårbarhetspunkter. Samtidigt måste användarna lita på integritetsskyddet och säkerhetspraxis som finns. Kombinationen av dessa problem leder i slutändan till ett ineffektivt nyttjande av data, eftersom möjligheter att utvinna insikter från tillgänglig data inte utnyttjas och därmed inte realiserar de fulla samhällsnyttorna som är möjliga med avancerad dataanalys och ML.

I denna avhandling argumenterar vi för ett paradigmskifte mot en helt decentraliserad och tillitslös arkitektur för integritetsmedveten Graph Representation Learning, som använder Gossip Learning och andra gossip-baserade peer-to-peer-tekniker för att uppnå höga nivåer av skalbarhet och motståndskraft, samtidigt som den minskar risken för integritetsläckor. Vi identifierar och driver sedan tre viktiga forskningsinriktningar som är nödvändiga för att uppnå vår vision; att lyfta orealistiska antaganden om Gossip Learning, identifiera och utveckla specifika användningsfall som möjliggörs eller förbättras av gossip-baserad decentralisering, samt övervinna hindren för utplacering av decentraliserad utbildning och inferens för Graph Representation Learning modeller.

Baserat på dessa nyckelriktlinjer våra bidrag är följande. Först analyserar vi robustheten i Gossip Learning när flera orealistiska men ofta antagna villkor upphävs. Vi utnyttjar sedan Gossip Learning och gossip-baserade peer-to-peer-protokoll mer generellt i tre användningsfall: kollaborativ inlärning av differentiellt privata Naive Bayes-klassificerare över entiteter med känslig användardata; byggandet av decentraliserade datamarknadsplatser som bevarar integriteten; samt utveckling och decentralisering av IoT-botnätdetekterings\-system i ett tidigt skede baserade på Graph Representation Learning. Slutligen introducerar vi ett allmänt ramverk för helt decentraliserad utbildning av Graph Neural Networks, som eliminerar de typiska kraven för dessa modeller för att få tillgång till icke-lokal information under träning och inferens.

Kombinationen av dessa bidrag tar bort stora hinder mot decentraliserad grafinlärning, och öppnar också en ny forskningsriktning som syftar till att vidareutveckla och optimera den helt decentraliserade utbildningen av Graph Representation Learning modeller.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. vii, 59
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2023:42
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Information and Communication Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-327016 (URN)978-91-8040-584-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-09, Sal-C, Kistagången 16, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 813162
Note

QC 20230517

Available from: 2023-05-17 Created: 2023-05-17 Last updated: 2023-05-26Bibliographically approved

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Giaretta, LodovicoGirdzijauskas, Sarunas

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