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Multiplexed antibody-based protein profiling in the pursuit of CSF biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Affinity Proteomics. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2910-4754
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

There is a desire for a transition from generic treatments designed for the average patient, towards more individual-based precision medicine. An increased knowledge about disease pathophysiology on a molecular level would be beneficial for this transition. The study of proteins can contribute with valuable insights into etiology and pathogenesis of different diseases and thereby aid the clinical assessment of patients and guide future treatments.

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and frontotemporal dementia, are characterized by a progressive loss of function, and eventually death of neurons. Neurons allow the brain to communicate with the rest of the body, and a deteriorated function of neurons can result in problems with mobility or mental functions. Neurodegenerative diseases progress slowly over many years, with a long silent asymptomatic phase before symptom onset. It is hard to rebuild what is already lost, but disease-modifying treatments might be able to slow down or halt the deterioration of the brain. Therefore, there is a major research focus on investigating the early stages of disease pathogenesis in order to elucidate this critical phase in disease progression.

The four papers included in this thesis focus on identifying altered protein profiles in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with neurodegenerative diseases. For this purpose, multiplexed antibody-based suspension bead arrays have been used. This method allows for hundreds of proteins to be analyzed in hundreds of samples in the same assay. Paper I focuses on Alzheimer’s disease and investigates the profiles of 200 proteins when comparing patients with controls. Six proteins were identified at altered levels and were further investigated in relation to the progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease. Paper II explores 100 protein profiles in relation to the core Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in asymptomatic 70-year-olds to elucidate patterns preceding potential disease onset. Paper III investigates the transition to cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease and explores potential associations between protein profiles and cognitive assessment tests. Finally, Paper IV explores panels of proteins in the context of frontotemporal dementia. Panels of proteins, instead of single biomarkers, have an increased potential to capture the range of biological processes within these types of complex and multifactorial diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases are often heterogeneous which puts high demands on the study design including an appropriate selection of study population. However, significant similarities are also present which makes it advantageous to have a broad perspective and work with several neurodegenerative disorders. This thesis presents the results from multiplexed antibody-based protein profiling as a contribution to a better understanding of neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract [sv]

Individbaserade behandlingar med skräddarsydda medicinska insatser är ofta mer fördelaktiga än generiska behandlingar framtagna för en genomsnittlig patient. En förutsättning för detta är emellertid en ökad förståelse för sjukdomarnas patofysiologi på molekylär nivå. Studier av proteiner kan bidra till den förståelsen och kan därigenom också i förlängningen bistå den kliniska bedömningen av patienter och vägleda vad för slags behandling som den enskilda patienten bör erbjudas.

Neurodegenerativa sjukdomar såsom Alzheimers sjukdom, Parkinsons sjukdom och frontallobsdemens karakteriseras av en fortskridande försämring av nervcellernas funktion vilket i sin tur resulterar i försämrad rörlighet eller nedsatta mentala funktioner. Ovannämnda sjukdomar utvecklas långsamt under många år och inleds med en lång tyst asymtomatisk fas. Det som förloras kan för det mesta aldrig återfås, men sjukdomsmodifierande läkemedel har möjligheten att bromsa eller i bästa fall helt stoppa en fortsatt nedbrytning av hjärnan. Det är mot den här bakgrunden som en stor del av forskningen kring dessa sjukdomar just avser klarlägga dess tidiga faser.

Följande avhandling innefattar fyra artiklar vilka fokuserar på att identifiera proteiner vars nivåer är kopplade till neurodegenerativa sjukdomar. Proteinerna analyseras med hjälp av en antikroppsbaserad teknik vilket möjliggör analys av hundratals proteiner i hundratals prover i samma analysomgång. Artikel I fokuserar på Alzheimers sjukdom och undersöker profilerna av 200 proteiner i patienter jämfört med friska individer. Sex proteiner med förhöjda nivåer identifierades i patienterna och undersöktes vidare i relation till progressionen från mild kognitiv svikt till Alzheimers sjukdom. Artikel II utforskar 100 proteiner i relation till de vedertagna biomarkörerna för Alzheimers sjukdom i asymtomatiska 70-åringar för att klarlägga potentiella mönster som är mätbara innan eventuell start av symptom. Artikel III utforskar övergången till kognitiv svikt i patienter med Parkinsons sjukdom och undersöker potentiella associationer mellan proteinprofiler och kognitiva testresultat. Artikel IV fokuserar på att identifiera paneler av proteiner som tillsammans kan urskilja patienter med frontallobsdemens och dess progression. Paneler av proteiner, i stället för enskilda biomarkörer, har en ökad potential att återspegla dessa typer av komplexa och multifaktoriella sjukdomar.

Neurodegenerativa sjukdomar är ofta heterogena vilket ställer höga krav på studieutformningen och urvalet av individer till studien. Det finns dock även likheter mellan sjukdomarna vilket gör det fördelaktigt att ha ett brett perspektiv och att arbeta tvärvetenskapligt med flera neurodegenerativa sjukdomar. Avhandlingen presenterar resultaten från antikroppsbaserade proteinanalyser som ett bidrag till en bättre förståelse för dessa sjukdomar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 106
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2021:44
Keywords [en]
Protein profiling, suspension bead array, cerebrospinal fluid, biomarker discovery, proteomics
National Category
Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-303491ISBN: 978-91-8040-020-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-303491DiVA, id: diva2:1603264
Public defence
2021-11-12, Air and Fire, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65704778104, Solna, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2021-10-18

Available from: 2021-10-18 Created: 2021-10-14 Last updated: 2025-02-17Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Multi‐cohort profiling reveals elevated CSF levels of brain‐enriched proteins in Alzheimer’s disease
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi‐cohort profiling reveals elevated CSF levels of brain‐enriched proteins in Alzheimer’s disease
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2021 (English)In: Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, E-ISSN 2328-9503, Vol. 8, no 7, p. 1456-1470Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective: Decreased amyloid beta (Ab) 42 together with increased tau and phospho-tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is indicative of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the molecular pathophysiology underlying the slowly progressive cognitive decline observed in AD is not fully understood and it is not known what other CSF biomarkers may be altered in early disease stages. Methods: We utilized an antibody-based suspension bead array to analyze levels of 216 proteins in CSF from AD patients, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and controls from two independent cohorts collected within the AETIONOMY consortium. Two additional cohorts from Sweden were used for biological verification. Results: Six proteins, amphiphysin (AMPH), aquaporin 4 (AQP4), cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 21 (ARPP21), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), neurofilament medium polypeptide (NEFM), and synuclein beta (SNCB) were found at increased levels in CSF from AD patients compared with controls. Next, we used CSF levels of Ab42 and tau for the stratification of the MCI patients and observed increased levels of AMPH, AQP4, ARPP21, GAP43, and SNCB in the MCI subgroups with abnormal tau levels compared with controls. Further characterization revealed strong to moderate correlations between these five proteins and tau concentrations. Interpretation: In conclusion, we report six extensively replicated candidate biomarkers with the potential to reflect disease development. Continued evaluation of these proteins will determine to what extent they can aid in the discrimination of MCI patients with and without an underlying AD etiology, and if they have the potential to contribute to a better understanding of the AD continuum.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2021
Keywords
Alzheimers disease, cerebrospinal fluid, proteomics, biomarkers, suspension bead array
National Category
Neurosciences
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-303358 (URN)10.1002/acn3.51402 (DOI)000661582600001 ()34129723 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85107878747 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20211116

Available from: 2021-10-13 Created: 2021-10-13 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
2. Association of CSF proteins with tau and amyloid beta levels in asymptomatic 70-year-olds
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Association of CSF proteins with tau and amyloid beta levels in asymptomatic 70-year-olds
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2021 (English)In: Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, E-ISSN 1758-9193, Vol. 13, no 1, article id 54Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background Increased knowledge of the evolution of molecular changes in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is important for the understanding of disease pathophysiology and also crucial to be able to identify and validate disease biomarkers. While several biological changes that occur early in the disease development have already been recognized, the need for further characterization of the pathophysiological mechanisms behind AD still remains. Methods In this study, we investigated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of 104 proteins in 307 asymptomatic 70-year-olds from the H70 Gothenburg Birth Cohort Studies using a multiplexed antibody- and bead-based technology. Results The protein levels were first correlated with the core AD CSF biomarker concentrations of total tau, phospho-tau and amyloid beta (A beta 42) in all individuals. Sixty-three proteins showed significant correlations to either total tau, phospho-tau or A beta 42. Thereafter, individuals were divided based on CSF A beta 42/A beta 40 ratio and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score to determine if early changes in pathology and cognition had an effect on the correlations. We compared the associations of the analysed proteins with CSF markers between groups and found 33 proteins displaying significantly different associations for amyloid-positive individuals and amyloid-negative individuals, as defined by the CSF A beta 42/A beta 40 ratio. No differences in the associations could be seen for individuals divided by CDR score. Conclusions We identified a series of transmembrane proteins, proteins associated with or anchored to the plasma membrane, and proteins involved in or connected to synaptic vesicle transport to be associated with CSF biomarkers of amyloid and tau pathology in AD. Further studies are needed to explore these proteins' role in AD pathophysiology.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BMC, 2021
Keywords
Preclinical Alzheimer&#8217, s disease, Affinity proteomics, CSF markers, Brain-enriched proteins, Multidisciplinary epidemiological studies, AD pathophysiology
National Category
Neurosciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292272 (URN)10.1186/s13195-021-00789-5 (DOI)000624542700001 ()33653397 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85101906750 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210401

Available from: 2021-04-01 Created: 2021-04-01 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
3. Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Kininogen-1 Indicate Early Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Kininogen-1 Indicate Early Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease
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2020 (English)In: Movement Disorders, ISSN 0885-3185, E-ISSN 1531-8257, Vol. 35, no 11, p. 2101-2106Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Cognitive impairment is common in patients with PD. Core markers of Alzheimer’s dementia have been related also to PD dementia, but no disease-specific signature to predict PD dementia exists to date. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate CSF markers associated with cognition in early PD. Methods: A high-throughput suspension bead array examined 216 proteins in CSF of 74 PD patients in the AETIONOMY project. Cognitive function was assessed with Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of the Neuropsychological Status, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Mini-Mental State Examination. Results: Of 69 patients with complete data, 34 had high (≥90) and 35 had low Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of the Neuropsychological Status total score (<90). Of 14 proteins in CSF that differed in levels between groups, increased kininogen-1, validated with several antibodies, was independently associated with lower Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of the Neuropsychological Status and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores after adjustment for confounders. Conclusions: Kininogen-1 levels in CSF may serve as a marker of cognitive impairment in PD.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2020
Keywords
cognition, kininogen-1, neurodegeneration, Parkinson’s disease
National Category
Neurosciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287132 (URN)10.1002/mds.28192 (DOI)000559889600001 ()33179332 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85089393535 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250317

Available from: 2020-12-07 Created: 2020-12-07 Last updated: 2025-03-17Bibliographically approved
4. A panel of CSF proteins separates genetic frontotemporal dementia from presymptomatic mutation carriers: a GENFI study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A panel of CSF proteins separates genetic frontotemporal dementia from presymptomatic mutation carriers: a GENFI study
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-303388 (URN)
Note

QC 20211117

Available from: 2021-10-13 Created: 2021-10-13 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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