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Bioaccessibility and reactivity of alloy powders used in powder bed fusion additive manufacturing
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3600-3476
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2021 (English)In: Materialia, E-ISSN 2589-1529, Vol. 19, p. 1-10, article id 101196Article in journal (Refereed) [Artistic work] Published
Abstract [en]

Exposure to metal particles via the inhalation route unavoidably takes place at occupational settings during additive manufacturing of metals and alloys. This calls for investigations on possible adverse health effects. This study focuses on virgin and reused powders of three iron- and nickel-based alloy powders (316L, IN718, 18Ni300) widely used in additive manufacturing, and dust powder of 18Ni300 generated during laser melting. Investigations were performed from a physico-chemical and toxicological perspective assessing their bioaccessibility in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF, simulating lung exposure to respirable particles), corrosion behavior, surface morphology and composition, microstructure, hydrodynamic size distribution in ALF, and in-vitro toxicity towards cultured human lung cells. Less than 1 % of the powder mass was dissolved from the passive alloys (316L, IN718) under simulated physiological conditions (pH 4.5, 37°C, 24 h), whereas the 18Ni300 iron-nickel alloy showed an active behavior and dissolved completely. Reused powders of 18Ni300 and IN718 showed no, or only minor, differences in surface oxide composition, metal release pattern, and corrosion behavior compared with virgin powders. After reuse, the 316L powder showed an enrichment of manganese within the outermost surface, an increased corrosion current, increased amounts of released iron and an increased fraction of particles with ferritic microstructure, which increased the extent of particle aggregation. All powders showed low, or negligible, cytotoxic potency and reactive oxygen species formation. Powder bed fusion using laser melting can hence affect the chemical, physical, and surface properties of non-fused powders, which, if reused, could influence the properties of the printed part.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021. Vol. 19, p. 1-10, article id 101196
Keywords [en]
Corrosion, Metal and alloys, Microstructure, Powder processing, Rapid prototyping
National Category
Other Materials Engineering
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304804DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101196ISI: 000718124600002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85113336060OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-304804DiVA, id: diva2:1611060
Note

QC 20211203

Available from: 2021-11-12 Created: 2021-11-12 Last updated: 2023-03-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Bioaccessibility, corrosion and surface properties of metals, alloys and metallic powder in biological fluids of relevance for occupational and consumer health hazard assessment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bioaccessibility, corrosion and surface properties of metals, alloys and metallic powder in biological fluids of relevance for occupational and consumer health hazard assessment
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

When assessing hazards of metals, alloys, and metal-containing items, the metal release (bioaccessibility) is of high importance. Triggered by increasingly stricter hazard classifications for metals, especially cobalt (Co), and limited knowledge, the aim of this doctoral thesis is to assess correlations between the metal/alloy surface characteristics, corrosion and metal release pattern in different simulated biological fluids relevant to human exposure scenarios (dermal, ingestion and inhalation, Papers I-V). In addition, occupational alloy powders (additive manufacturing, Paper III) and tattoo inks (Paper VI) were assessed in relation to potential health hazards. A reliable and reproducible in-vitro bioaccessibility test methodology was elaborated (Paper I). Generated nickel (Ni) and Co bioaccessibility data correlates with the surface and corrosion properties of the metals/alloys in the synthetic fluids, suggesting that the bioaccessible concentration, rather than bulk content, should be used for hazard assessment of Ni and Co in alloys and metals (Papers I-IV). Metallic Co was homogeneously distributed along with metallic Ni beneath the surface oxide of stainless steel 316L under different exposure conditions (Paper V). Exposure in a phosphate-containing neutral fluid resulted in the precipitation and incorporation of both Co and phosphate in the oxide (Paper V). Reused alloy powder during laser additive manufacturing processes revealed, depending on alloy type, different physicochemical properties including corrosion properties (Paper III). A large majority of the investigated tattoo inks violated existing regulations on labelling and substances of health concern (Paper VI), and Co, Ni, and other impurities were associated with iron-rich pigments. In all, this thesis presents bioaccessibility findings connected to surface characteristics relevant for hazard assessments of alloys and powders, and points towards physicochemical reasons behind the release of certain metallic impurities.

Abstract [sv]

Olika hälsorisker som till exempel hudallergi kan uppstå vid exponering för nickel och kobolt. Det är därför viktigt att förstå om olika metalliska föremål, metaller och legeringar kan frisätta dessa element i kontakt med olika kroppsvätskor. I den här doktorsavhandlingen har en metod utvecklats för att bestämma mängder av frisatt nickel och kobolt från massiva ytor och pulver av olika metalliska legeringar och rena metaller på ett jämförbart sätt och för olika exponeringsvägar (hudkontakt, inandning, förtäring). Ett annat mål har varit att undersöka om metaller som kobolt, som ofta endast befinner sig som föroreningar i legeringar, förekommer i ytoxiden eller endast i bulkmaterialet och hur det påverkar frisättningen (kobolt har nyligen omklassificierats då metallen kan orsaka cancer). Studierna har också omfattat samband mellan ytegenskaper och frisättning av metaller från metalliska pulver som används i tillverkningsindustrin och metalliska föroreningar samt undersökt hälsorisker med tatueringsfärger. Resultaten har visat att frisättningen av nickel och kobolt till olika syntetiska kroppsvätskor från metaller och legeringar ofta korrelerar väl med deras yt- och korrosionsegenskaper. Det medför att frisättnings- eller korrosionstester skulle kunna användas för att gruppera olika metaller och legeringar och bedöma deras hälsorisker, i stället för att eventuella risker baseras på legeringarnas bulksammansättningar. Legeringarnas ytoxider har ofta en skild sammansättning och en förmåga att minska frisättning av metaller på ett mycket effektivt sätt. Återanvänt pulver vid additiv tillverkning (3D-printning) kan erhålla ändrade fysikaliska och kemiska egenskaper på grund av exponeringen för laser. Innehållet av nickel, kobolt och kromföroreningar i tatueringsfärger var kopplat till andra metaller, främst järnrik röd pigment. Den här avhandlingen bidrar till att förfina riskbedömningar av metaller, legeringar, och metallinnehållande produkter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 48
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2021:43
Keywords
Metal and alloy, metal release, synthetic biological fluids, surface oxide, corrosion resistance, hazard assessment
National Category
Analytical Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304814 (URN)978-91-8040-043-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-12-13, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH and Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/meeting/register/u5wodumurDIjH9UhhHbmjhRcJ6vErKrU62Kf, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
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Note

QC 2021-11-15

Available from: 2021-11-15 Created: 2021-11-12 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Wang, XuyingHedberg, YolandaOdnevall Wallinder, Inger

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