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Biochar systems across scales in Sweden: An industrial ecology perspective
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4865-3401
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Biochar – the carbon rich residue derived from biomass pyrolysis – is recognised as a potential solution to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, while simultaneously delivering socio-environmental benefits through biochar use as a material. Perceived as a sustainable innovation, biochar has raised interest throughout the world. Sweden has witnessed a rising interest for biochar over the past decade, leading to investments in modern biochar production capacity and the development of various biochar-based products. However, as for any emerging technology, it is necessary to study its environmental performance in a systematic manner to guarantee that environmental expectations meet reality, and to enable science-based policy support.

This thesis examined the energy, climate and environmental impacts of biochar production and use, supporting on-going and future projects in Sweden. Four case studies were designed, set respectively in Stockholm, Nyköping, Helsingborg and Uppsala areas. The case studies analysed biochar production at various scales, from different biomass feedstocks, and biochar use in urban and rural applications. The main method applied was life cycle assessment, complemented with material flow analysis and energy systems modelling. In addition, a framework was developed to conceptualise and classify environmental effects of biochar in a life cycle perspective. 

The results showed that biochar systems can deliver more climate change mitigation than conventional bioenergy when energy systems are already rather decarbonised and if biochar stability is high. Biochar carbon sequestration provided the main climate change benefit, but smaller additional benefits were obtained from some material uses of biochar. When compared with reference systems, biochar solutions lead to shifts of burdens between sectors and environmental impact categories. It is possible to integrate pyrolysis to both large district heating networks and decentralised heating systems, but it will lead to a net increase in biomass consumption and related environmental impacts, relative to direct combustion of biomass. In the second half of the century, the need for management of biochar-containing soil masses will arise from today’s emerging urban applications. 

The case studies illustrated new uses of biochar and quantified several environmental benefits from biochar use. However, gaps remain between biochar effects present in the public discourse and their quantification in life cycle assessment. These differences were attributed to variability in the biochar effects, lack of knowledge, or inappropriate accounting framework. Overall, the thesis stresses the importance of analysing the potential of innovations to contribute to environmental goals by using parametrized life cycle models, depicting multiple contexts, and striving to identify suitability conditions rather than providing a definitive static answer.

Abstract [sv]

Biokol – den kolrika produkten som återstår från pyrolys av biomassa– är en potentiell lösning för att fånga koldioxid från atmosfären, samtidigt som den har socio-miljömässiga fördelar genom användning av biokol som material. Biokol uppfattas som en hållbar innovation och har väckt intresse över hela världen. I Sverige har intresset för biokol ökat under de senaste åren, vilket har lett till investeringar i modern produktion av biokol och utveckling av olika biokolbaserade produkter. Liksom med all ny teknik är det nödvändigt att studera dess miljöprestanda på ett systematiskt sätt för att garantera att miljöförväntningarna är uppfyllda och för att möjliggöra vetenskapligt baserat politiskt stöd.

Denna avhandling undersökte energi-, klimat- och miljöeffekterna av biokolproduktion och -användning, till stöd för pågående och framtida projekt i Sverige. Fyra fallstudier har utformats, i Stockholm, Nyköping, Helsingborg och Uppsala. Fallstudierna analyserade biokolproduktion i olika skalor, från olika slags biomassa och användning av biokol i stads- och landsbygdstillämpningar. Den huvudsakliga metoden som användes var livscykelanalys, kompletterad med materialflödesanalys och energisystemmodellering. Dessutom utvecklades ett ramverk för att konceptualisera och klassificera miljöeffekter av biokol i ett livscykelperspektiv.

Resultaten visade att biokolsystem kan ha lägre klimatpåverkan än konventionell bioenergi när energisystem redan är i stort sett fossilfria och om biokolstabiliteten är hög. Kolinlagring i biokol gav det största bidraget till klimatprestandan, men mindre ytterligare fördelar erhölls från viss materialanvändning av biokol. Jämfört med referenssystemen leder biokolösningar till att miljöbelastning flyttas mellan sektorer och kategorier av miljöpåverkan. Det är möjligt att integrera pyrolys i både stora fjärrvärmenät och decentraliserade värmesystem, men det kommer att leda till en nettoökning av biomassaförbrukningen och relaterad miljöpåverkan, jämfört med direkt förbränning av biomassa. Under andra halvan av seklet kommer det att uppstå ett behov av hantering av biokolhaltiga jordmassor från dagens växande urbana biokolanvändning.

Fallstudierna illustrerade nya användningsområden för biokol och kvantifierade flera miljöfördelar. Det kvarstår dock ett glapp mellan de biokoleffekter som diskuteras i samhället och deras kvantifiering i livscykelanalys. Dessa skillnader berodde på variationer i biokols effekter, bristande kunskap eller olämpliga systemgränser. Generellt så betonar avhandlingen vikten av att analysera potentialen för innovationer att bidra till miljömål genom att använda parametriserade livscykelmodeller, analysera flera sammanhang och sträva efter att identifiera lämpliga förhållanden snarare än att ge ett entydigt svar.

Abstract [fr]

Le biochar –résidu solide riche en carbone issue de la pyrolyse de biomasse – est envisagé comme une potentielle façon de retirer du dioxyde de carbone de l’atmosphère, tout en apportant des bénéfices socio-environnementaux via son utilisation comme matériau. Perçu comme une innovation contribuant au développement durable, le biochar a connu un fort engouement à travers la planète. En Suède, cet intérêt pour le biochar s’est traduit au cours de la dernière décennie par des investissements dans des capacités modernes de production de biochar et par le développement de nouveaux produits à base de biochar. Cependant, comme pour toute technologie émergente, il est nécessaire d’étudier ses implications environnementales de manière systématique afin de pouvoir garantir que les performances environnementales sont à la hauteur des attentes, et pour guider la définition de politiques basées sur la science.

Cette thèse s’est intéressée aux impacts énergétiques, climatiques et environnementaux de la production et de l’utilisation de biochar, supportant le développement de projets en cours et futurs, en Suède. Quatre études de cas ont été réalisées, situées à Stockholm, Nyköping, Helsingborg et Uppsala. Les études de cas ont analysé la production de biochar à différentes échelles et à partir de différents substrats, ainsi que l’utilisation de biochar en agriculture et en milieu urbain. La principale méthodologie appliquée fut l’analyse de cycle de vie, couplée à l’analyse de flux de matière et la modélisation énergétique. De plus, un cadre théorique a été conçu pour décrire et classifier les potentiels effets environnementaux du biochar dans une perspective de cycle de vie.

Les résultats ont montré que les systèmes à base de biochar peuvent apporter davantage de bénéfices climatiques que la bioénergie conventionnelle si le système énergétique est déjà relativement décarbonné et si la stabilité du biochar produit est élevée. La séquestration de carbone dans le biochar représente la principale contribution au bénéfice climatique des systèmes étudiés. Des bénéfices climatiques additionnels, mais en général d’importance moindre, sont obtenus par certaines utilisations du biochar. En comparaison avec une situation de référence, les systèmes à base de biochar induisent une modification des conséquences environnementales, à la fois entre secteurs économiques et entre catégories d’impact environnemental. Il est possible d’intégrer la pyrolyse de biomasse à de grands réseaux de chaleur comme à des systèmes décentralisés de chauffage, mais cela induit une augmentation nette de la consommation de biomasse et de ses impacts, en comparaison avec la combustion directe. Par ailleurs, les utilisations du biochar en milieu urbain qui émergent aujourd’hui vont mener à un besoin futur de gestion appropriée de flux secondaires contenant du biochar.

Les études de cas ont illustré de nouvelles applications du biochar et quantifié certains de leurs impacts et bénéfices environnementaux. Cela dit, des différences subsistent entre les bénéfices potentiels du biochar présentés dans la sphère publique et leur quantification en analyse de cycle de vie. Ces différences furent attribuées à la grande variabilité des effets du biochar, des manques de connaissances, ou un cadre de modélisation non adaptés à l’inclusion desdits effets. Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse souligne l’importance d’analyser le potentiel d’une innovation à contribuer aux objectifs environnementaux en utilisant des modèles paramétrés d’analyse de cycle de vie, capable de représenter différents contextes, et de s’efforcer d’identifier les conditions de réussite plutôt que de se limiter à une quantification statique des conséquences environnementales.

Abstract [de]

Pflanzenkohle – der kohlenstoffreiche Rückstand, der aus der Pyrolyse von Biomasse gewonnen wird – wird als mögliche Technik in Betracht gezogen, um Kohlendioxid aus der Atmosphäre zu entziehen. Gleichzeitig verspricht die Verwendung von Pflanzenkohle als Material auch sozio-ökologische Vorteile. Als nachhaltige Innovation wahrgenommen, hat Pflanzenkohle weltweit Interesse geweckt. Schweden hat im letzten Jahrzehnt ein wachsendes Interesse für Pflanzenkohle erlebt, sodass die Investitionen in moderne Produktionskapazitäten von Pflanzenkohle und die Entwicklung verschiedener Produkte auf Pflanzenkohlebasis gestiegen sind. Wie bei jeder neuen Technologie ist es jedoch erforderlich, ihre Umweltleistung systematisch zu untersuchen, um sicherzustellen, dass die ökologischen Erwartungen der Realität entsprechen, und eine wissenschaftlich fundierte politische Unterstützung gegeben ist.

Diese Arbeit untersuchte die Energie-, Klima- und Umweltauswirkungen der Pflanzenkohleproduktion und -nutzung und unterstützte laufende und zukünftige Projekte in Schweden. Vier Fallstudien sind in Stockholm, Nyköping, Helsingborg und Uppsala durchgeführt worden. Diese Fallstudien haben die Produktion von Pflanzenkohle in verschiedenen Größenordnungen und aus verschiedenen Biomasse-Rohstoffen, sowie die Nutzung von Pflanzenkohle im landwirtschaftlichen und im städtischen Bereich analysiert. Die Hauptmethodik war die Lebenszyklusanalyse, welche mit Stoffstromanalysen und Energiesystemmodellierungen ergänzt worden ist. Darüber hinaus wurde ein Konzept entwickelt, um Umweltwirkungen von Pflanzenkohle aus einer Lebenszyklusperspektive heraus zu erfassen und zu klassifizieren.

Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass pflanzenkohlebasierte Systeme mehr Klimaschutz leisten können als konventionelle Bioenergie, wenn die Energiesysteme bereits weitgehend dekarbonisiert sind und die Stabilität der Pflanzenkohle hoch ist. Die Kohlenstoffspeicherung durch Pflanzenkohle erbrachte hierbei den größten Nutzen für den Klimaschutz, aber auch kleinere zusätzliche Vorteile wurden durch einige Verwendungen von Pflanzenkohle als Werkstoff erzielt. Im Vergleich mit Referenzsystemen führen Pflanzenkohlelösungen zu einer Verschiebung der Belastung sowohl zwischen Wirtschaftssektoren als auch zwischen ökologischen Wirkungskategorien. Pyrolyse lässt sich sowohl in große Fernwärmenetze als auch in dezentrale Wärmesysteme integrieren. Dies aber führt im Vergleich zur direkten Verbrennung von Biomasse zu einem Nettoanstieg des Biomasseverbrauchs und der damit verbundenen Umweltauswirkungen. Außerdem wird die heutige Nutzung von Pflanzenkohle im städtischen Bereich in der zweiten Hälfte dieses Jahrhunderts zum Bedarf einer angemessenen Verwaltung von pflanzenkohlehaltigen Bodenmassen führen.

Die Fallstudien veranschaulichten neue Verwendungen von Pflanzenkohle und quantifizierten mehrere ökologische Vorteile dieser Verwendung. Allerdings bleiben Lücken zwischen den im öffentlichen Diskurs präsenten Pflanzenkohle-Effekten und deren Quantifizierung durch die Lebenszyklusanalyse bestehen. Diese Unterschiede wurden auf die große Veränderlichkeit der Auswirkungen von Pflanzenkohle, fehlendes Wissen oder einen unangemessenen Berechnungsrahmen zurückgeführt. Insgesamt betont diese Dissertation, wie wichtig es ist, den möglichen Beitrag einer Innovation zu den Umweltzielen zu analysieren, indem parametrisierte Lebenszyklusmodelle verwendet und mehrere Kontexte abgebildet werden sowie versucht wird, Eignungsbedingungen zu identifizieren, anstatt eine endgültige statische Antwort zu geben.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 84
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2141
Keywords [en]
biochar, bioenergy, agriculture, climate change, carbon dioxide removal, negative emission technology, industrial ecology, life cycle assessment, material flow analysis, environmental systems analysis
Keywords [fr]
biochar, bioénergie, agriculture, changement climatique, capture de dioxyde de carbone, technologie à émissions négatives, écologie industrielle, analyse de cycle de vie, analyse de flux de matière, analyse de systèmes environnementaux
Keywords [de]
Pflanzenkohle, Bioenergie, Landwirtschaft, Klimawandel, Kohlendioxid-Entfernung, Negative-Emissions-Technologie, Industrieökologie, Lebenszyklusanalyse, Stoffstromanalyse, Umweltsystemanalyse
Keywords [ar]
الفحم الحيوي، الطاقة الحيوية، الزراعة، تغيّر المناخ، إزالة ثاني اوكسيد الكربون، التكنولوجيا السلبية الانبعاثات، الايكولوجيا الصناعية، تقييم دورة الحياة، تحليل تدفق المواد، تحليل الأنظمة البيئية
Keywords [sv]
biokol, bioenergi, jordbruk, klimatförändring, koldioxidlagring, negativa utsläpp, industriell ekologi, livscykelanalys, materialflödesanalys, miljösystemanalys
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Industrial Ecology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-303912ISBN: 978-91-8040-055-8 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-303912DiVA, id: diva2:1611997
Public defence
2022-01-14, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, Videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/w/66302184336, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova, 2016-03392
Note

QC 20211124

Available from: 2021-11-24 Created: 2021-11-16 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of Large-Scale Biochar Production and Use for Negative Emissions in Stockholm
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of Large-Scale Biochar Production and Use for Negative Emissions in Stockholm
2019 (English)In: Environmental Science and Technology, ISSN 0013-936X, E-ISSN 1520-5851, Vol. 53, no 14, p. 8466-8476Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Several cities in Sweden are aiming for climate neutrality within a few decades and for negative emissions thereafter. Combined biochar, heat, and power production is an option to achieve carbon sequestration for cities relying on biomass-fuelled district heating, while biochar use could mitigate environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector. By using prospective life cycle assessment, the climate impact of the pyrolysis of woodchips in Stockholm is compared with two reference scenarios based on woodchip combustion. The pyrolysis of woodchips produces heat and power for the city of Stockholm, and biochar whose potential use as a feed and manure additive on Swedish dairy farms is explored. The climate change mitigation trade-off between bioenergy production and biochar carbon sequestration in Stockholm's context is dominated by the fate of marginal power. If decarbonisation of power is achieved, building a new pyrolysis plant becomes a better climate option than conventional combustion. Effects of cascading biochar use in animal husbandry are uncertain but could provide 10-20% more mitigation than direct biochar soil incorporation. These results help design regional biochar systems that combine negative carbon dioxide emissions with increased methane and nitrous oxide mitigation efforts and can also guide the development of minimum performance criteria for biochar products.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2019
National Category
Other Environmental Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-255754 (URN)10.1021/acs.est.9b01615 (DOI)000476685500057 ()31268319 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85069948862 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190813

Available from: 2019-08-13 Created: 2019-08-13 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. Small-scale biochar production on Swedish farms: A model for estimating potential, variability, and environmental performance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Small-scale biochar production on Swedish farms: A model for estimating potential, variability, and environmental performance
2021 (English)In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 280, article id 124873Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Several small-scale pyrolysis plants have been installed on Swedish farms and uptake is increasing in the Nordic countries. Pyrolysis plants convert biomass to biochar for agricultural applications and syngas for heating applications. These projects are driven by ambitions of achieving carbon dioxide removal, reducing environmental impacts, and improving farm finances and resilience. Before policy support for on-farm pyrolysis projects is implemented, a comprehensive environmental evaluation of these systems is needed. Here, a model was developed to jointly: (i) simulate operation of on-farm energy systems equipped with pyrolysis units; (ii) estimate biochar production potential and its variability under different energy demand situations and designs; and (iii) calculate life cycle environmental impacts. The model was applied to a case study farm in Sweden. The farm's heating system achieved net carbon dioxide removal through biochar carbon sequestration, but increased its impact in several other environmental categories, mainly due to increased biomass throughput. Proper dimensioning of heat-constrained systems is key to ensure optimal biochar production, as biochar production potential of the case farm was reduced under expected climate change in Sweden. To improve the environmental footprint of future biochar systems, it is crucial that expected co-benefits from biochar use in agriculture are realised. The model developed here is available for application to other cases.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2021
Keywords
Biochar, Energy system modelling, Farm, Life cycle assessment, Potential, Pyrolysis, Agricultural robots, Agriculture, Carbon dioxide, Climate change, Environmental management, Life cycle, Carbon dioxide removal, Carbon sequestration, Constrained systems, Environmental evaluation, Environmental footprints, Environmental performance, Heating applications, Life-cycle environmental impact, Environmental impact
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-290824 (URN)10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124873 (DOI)000603570700008 ()2-s2.0-85095768297 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210323

Available from: 2021-03-23 Created: 2021-03-23 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
3. Biochar produced from wood waste for soil remediation in Sweden: Carbon sequestration and other environmental impacts
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Biochar produced from wood waste for soil remediation in Sweden: Carbon sequestration and other environmental impacts
2021 (English)In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 776, article id 145953Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The use of biochar to stabilize soil contaminants is emerging as a technique for remediation of contaminated soils. In this study, an environmental assessment of systems where biochar produced from wood waste with energy recovery is used for remediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and metal(loid)s was performed. Two soil remediation options with biochar (on- and off-site) are considered and compared to landfilling. The assessment combined material and energy flow analysis (MEFA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and substance flow analysis (SFA). The MEFA indicated that on-site remediation can save fuel and backfill material compared to off-site remediation and landfilling. However, the net energy production by pyrolysis of wood waste for biochar production is 38% lower than incineration. The LCA showed that both on-site and off-site remediation with biochar performed better than landfilling in 10 of the 12 environmental impact categories, with on-site remediation performing best. Remediation with biochar provided substantial reductions in climate change impact in the studied context, owing to biochar carbon sequestration being up to 4.5 times larger than direct greenhouse gas emissions from the systems. The two biochar systems showed increased impacts only in ionizing radiation and fossils because of increased electricity consumption for biochar production. They also resulted in increased biomass demand to maintain energy production. The SFA indicated that leaching of PAH from the remediated soil was lower than from landfilled soil. For metal(loid)s, no straightforward conclusion could be made, as biochar had different effects on their leaching and for some elements the results were sensitive to water infiltration assumptions. Hence, the reuse of biocharremediated soils requires further evaluation, with site-specific information. Overall, in Sweden's current context, the biochar remediation technique is an environmentally promising alternative to landfilling worth investigating further.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2021
Keywords
Metal(loid)s, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Material and energy flow analysis, Life cycle assessment, Substance flow analysis
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292576 (URN)10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145953 (DOI)000647601500011 ()33636507 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85101379993 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210414

Available from: 2021-04-08 Created: 2021-04-08 Last updated: 2025-04-16Bibliographically approved
4. Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Biochar is a material derived from biomass pyrolysis that is used in urban applications. The environmental impacts of new biochar products has however not been assessed. Here, the life cycle assessments of 5 biochar products were performed for 7 biochar supply-chains in 2 energy contexts. The biochar products (tree planting, green roofs, landscaping soil, charcrete, and biofilm carrier) were benchmarked against reference products and the oxidative use of biochar for steel production. Biochar demand was then estimated using dynamic material flow analysis for a new city-district in Uppsala, Sweden. In a decarbonised energy system and if biochar stability is high, all biochar products had a better climate performance than the reference, and most applications outperformed biomass use for decarbonising steel production. The climate benefits of using biochar ranged from -1.4 to -0.11 tonne CO2-eq tonne-1 biochar in a decarbonised energy system. In other environmental impact categories, biochar products had either higher or lower impacts than the reference, depending on biochar supply-chains and materials substituted, with trade-offs between sectors and impact categories. This said, several use phase effects of biochar were not included in the assessment due to knowledge limitations. In Uppsala’s new district, biochar demand was around 1700 m3 year-1 during the 25 years of construction. By 2100, 23% of the biochar accumulated in landfills, raising questions for end-of-life management of biochar-containing products. Overall, in a post-fossil economy, biochar can be a carbon dioxide removal technology with benefits, but biochar applications must be designed to maximise co-benefits.

Keywords
biochar, carbon dioxide removal, urban, bioeconomy, life cycle assessment, material flow analysis
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Industrial Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-303911 (URN)
Funder
Vinnova, 2016-03392
Note

QC 20211123

Available from: 2021-10-21 Created: 2021-10-21 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
5. Assessing the diverse environmental effects of biochar systems: An evaluation framework
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessing the diverse environmental effects of biochar systems: An evaluation framework
2021 (English)In: Journal of Environmental Management, ISSN 0301-4797, E-ISSN 1095-8630, Vol. 286, article id 112154Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Biochar has been recognised as a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technology. Unlike other CDR technologies, biochar is expected to deliver various valuable effects in e.g. agriculture, animal husbandry, industrial processes, remediation activities and waste management. The diversity of biochar side effects to CDR makes the systematic environmental assessment of biochar projects challenging, and to date, there is no common framework for evaluating them. Our aim is to bridge the methodology gap for evaluating biochar systems from a life-cycle perspective. Using life cycle theory, actual biochar projects, and reviews of biochar research, we propose a general description of biochar systems, an overview of biochar effects, and an evaluation framework for biochar effects. The evaluation framework was applied to a case study, the Stockholm Biochar Project. In the framework, biochar effects are classified according to life cycle stage and life cycle effect type; and the biochar?s end-of-life and the reference situations are made explicit. Three types of effects are easily included in life cycle theory: changes in biosphere exchanges, technosphere inputs, and technosphere outputs. For other effects, analysing the cause-effect chain may be helpful. Several biochar effects in agroecosystems can be modelled as future productivity increases against a reference situation. In practice, the complexity of agroecosystems can be bypassed by using empirical models. Existing biochar life cycle studies are often limited to carbon footprint calculations and quantify a limited amount of biochar effects, mainly carbon sequestration, energy displacements and fertiliser-related emissions. The methodological development in this study can be of benefit to the biochar and CDR research communities, as well as decision-makers in biochar practice and policy.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2021
Keywords
Biochar, Carbon dioxide removal, Side effect, Avoided burden, Life cycle thinking, Life cycle assessment
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293464 (URN)10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112154 (DOI)000634990300004 ()33609929 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85101462906 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210426

Available from: 2021-04-26 Created: 2021-04-26 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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