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Numerical modelling of incipient motion of fracture infillings
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7631-3503
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1195-1587
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8152-6092
2021 (English)In: International Journal of Rock Mechanics And Mining Sciences, ISSN 1365-1609, E-ISSN 1873-4545, Vol. 148, article id 104960Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Fine-grained infilling materials in rock fractures cannot be penetrated by cement-based grout, while high water velocities in the unfilled parts of the fracture can impose erosion of the infilling materials. Understanding the erosion process of the infilling materials is, therefore, essential for the design of grout curtains. In this paper, the incipient motion of infilling particles in a three-dimensional rock fracture is predicted by a coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-Discrete Element Method (DEM) approach. A fracture model is built based on highresolution optical scanning data of a natural rock joint surface. Infilling particles are modelled as non-cohesive spheric particles in a range of fine-sand sizes. The motion of particles is produced by coupling the CFD, solving the Navier-Stokes equations, with the DEM, prescribing the contact forces between particles. The model could capture the particle-particle and particle-fluid interaction behaviours during particle movement. Simulation results of the fracture model are compared with a parallel-plate model, which shows that the fracture geometry significantly affects the transport and distribution of the infillings. The dimensionless critical shear stress of the fracture model for the studied fracture is 11% larger than the values obtained from the parallel-plate model. Furthermore, the simulations are compared with the Hjulstro center dot m and Shields diagrams, showing that the use of these two diagrams to predict the infilling erosion in the fracture results in a significant discrepancy. In contrast, a previous equation derived from flume experiments under laminar flows agrees better with the simulations. The present study visualises and quantitatively analyses the erosion process of the fracture infillings, which provides a reference to predict the threshold of the infilling erosion.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2021. Vol. 148, article id 104960
Keywords [en]
Rock fracture, Fracture infilling, Incipient motion, Coupled CFD-DEM, Critical shear stress
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305544DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104960ISI: 000720977000002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85118868039OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-305544DiVA, id: diva2:1620288
Note

QC 20211215

Available from: 2021-12-15 Created: 2021-12-15 Last updated: 2025-07-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Cement-based grouting of rock foundations for new and existing dams
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cement-based grouting of rock foundations for new and existing dams
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Grout curtains are usually constructed under dams as a barrier to prevent leakage from the reservoir, reduce uplift, and also prevent transport of fine material through the foundation. These grout curtains have mainly been designed by using an empirical design approach. However, the empirical approach has its limitations, such as lack of design over grout curtain thickness, long grouting time as a result of the stop criterion, and high grouting pressure which can cause unfavorable jacking.

To deal with these limitations, a theory-based design methodology for grout curtains under new dams has been developed. The grout curtain is treated as a structural component in the dam foundation. The geometry and location of the grout curtain is firstly designed with respect to three requirements: (i) the hydraulic conductivity reduction, (ii) prevention of erosion of fracture infillings and (iii) optimization of uplift reduction. Grouting work is then designed to obtain the designed geometry of the grout curtain. In the design of the grouting work, analytical calculations are implemented to determine the grouting pressure, grouting time and grout hole layout. The erosion process of fracture infilling materials was studied as a supplement to the requirement (ii). Coupled numerical analyses were performed to better understand the initiation of erosion of fracture infillings. The results showed that a previous equation derived by White under laminar flow can be suitable to estimate the incipient motion of fracture infilling materials. 

For existing dams, remedial grouting is a measure to strengthen the deteriorated grout curtains under old dams. The major challenge of remedial grouting is the high pressure gradient in the previously grouted zones. High gradient leads to high water velocities, where the flowing water can erode the injected fresh grout in the rock fractures. Even if the fractures are sealed, a phenomenon called viscous fingering can occur, which destabilize the grout front and creates new leakage channels. Erosion of fresh cement-based grout and viscous fingering between water and grout were studied with experiments and numerical simulations. The experiments revealed that the existing criterion on grout erosion tends to be oversimplified. Viscous fingering was observed despite the theoretical prediction and the numerical simulations suggested it would not occur. This deviation was further discussed with respect to uncertainties in the experimental setup.

Strategies were suggested for remedial grouting practice using cement-based grout to minimize disturbance by flowing water: (i) utilize multiple pressure relief holes upstream of grout holes to reduce water-induced shear stress on the fresh grout; (ii) maintain sufficient pressure holding time to provide time for the grout to harden and prevent the displacement of the injected grout.

Abstract [sv]

Injekteringsridåer konstrueras vanligtvis under dammar som en barriär för att förhindra läckage från magasinet, reducera upptrycket, och även för att förhindra transport av finmaterial genom grunden. Traditionellt har dessa injekteringsridåer utformats med en empirisk dimensioneringsmetod. Denna metod har dock vissa begränsningar, såsom brist på dimensionering av injekteringsridåns tjocklek, långa injekteringstider till följd av stoppkriterier samt höga injekteringstryck som kan orsaka ogynnsam spricköppning (jacking).

För att hantera dessa begränsningar har en teoribaserad dimensioneringsmetodik utvecklats för injekteringsridåer under nya dammar. Injekteringsridån betraktas här som en strukturell komponent. Geometrin och placeringen av injekteringsridån utformas utifrån tre krav: (i) minskning av hydraulisk konduktivitet, (ii) förebyggande av erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial och (iii) optimering av reduktion av upptrycket. Injekteringsarbetet utformas sedan för att uppnå den planerade geometrin för injekteringsridån. Vid dimensioneringen av injekteringsarbetet används analytiska beräkningar för att bestämma injekteringstryck, injekteringstid och borrhålslayout. Erosionsprocessen för sprickfyllnadsmaterial studerades som ett komplement till krav (ii). Kopplade numeriska analyser genomfördes i projektet för att bättre förstå erosionens initiering i sprickfyllnadsmaterial. Resultaten visade att en tidigare ekvation, härledd av White under laminärt flöde, kan vara lämplig för att uppskatta när förflyttningen av sprickfyllnadsmaterial initieras.

För befintliga dammar är reparationsinjektering en åtgärd för att förstärka injekteringsridåer som över tid har försämrats. Den största utmaningen vid reparationsinjektering är den höga tryckgradienten i tidigare injekterade zoner. En hög gradient kan leda till vattenflöden med höga hastigheter, vilket kan erodera nyligen injekterat cementbaserat injekteringsbruk i bergsprickorna innan det härdat. Även om sprickorna tätas kan ett fenomen kallat viskös kanalbildning uppstå i det nyligen injekterade bruket, vilket destabiliserar injekteringsfronten och skapar nya läckagekanaler. Erosion av färskt cementbaserat injekteringsbruk och viskös kanalbildning mellan vatten och injekteringsbruk studerades genom experiment och numeriska simuleringar. Experimenten visade att den befintliga kriteriemodellen för erosion tenderar att vara alltför förenklad. Viskös kanalbildning observerades trots att teoretiska förutsägelser och resultat från numeriska simuleringar antydde att fenomenet inte skulle uppstå. Denna avvikelse diskuterades vidare, speciellt med hänsyn till ingående osäkerheter i den experimentella uppställningen.

Baserat på erhållna resultat föreslogs ett antal strategier för reparationsinjektering med cementbaserat injekteringsbruk för att minimera störningarna från strömmande vatten: (i) användning av flera tryckavlastningshål uppströms om injekteringshålen för att minska vattnets skjuvspänning på det färska bruket och (ii) tillräcklig tryckhållningstid för att ge injekteringsbruket tid att härda och förhindra förflyttning av den injekterade massan.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 77
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2512
Keywords
Grout curtains, rock grouting, dams, infilling materials in rock fractures, grout erosion, viscous fingering, remedial grouting, Injekteringsridåer, berginjektering, dammar, sprickfyllnadsmaterial, erosion av injekteringsbruk, viskös kanalbildning, reparationsinjektering
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-366849 (URN)978-91-8106-298-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-08-29, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69019536392, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
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Note

QC 20250711

Available from: 2025-07-11 Created: 2025-07-10 Last updated: 2025-10-29Bibliographically approved

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Teng, PenghuaZhang, SuihanJohansson, Fredrik

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