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Engineering of alternative scaffold derived drug conjugates and fusion-toxins for targeted cancer therapy
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Protein Engineering. (Torbjörn Gräslund)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1617-5476
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Cancer is a major health problem, with premature death for many patients, and with a high monetary cost to society. The disease is complex to treat due to the many different types, but also because the disease-causing cells, that needs to be removed, are very similar to the normal cells. Traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy therefore have a narrow therapeutic window. Targeted cancer therapy aims to precisely deliver a drug to the tumor tissue by recognizing biomarkers that are only, or at least mostly, associated with the cancer cells. Drug conjugates and fusion-toxins are two types of targeted drugs. They both consist of a cancer-targeting protein, a linker and a cytotoxic payload. The efficacy of drug conjugates and fusion toxins are determined by their targeting accuracy and cytotoxic potency. Optimization of drug conjugates and fusion-toxins concerns selecting the best combination of the three components for the best efficacy. 

In my studies I have worked with targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and 3, HER2 and HER3, respectively. I have used affibody molecules: ZHER2 and ZHER3, and an albumin binding domain􏰎derived affinity protein targeting HER2, ADAPT6. For in vivo half-life extension, I have used an albumin binding domain, ABD. As payloads, I have used the cytotoxic drugs DM1, MMAE, and MMAF, as well as a truncated version of Pseudomonas exotoxin A, PE25. 

In paper I, the goal was to investigate the architecture of the tumor targeting part of affibody-derived drug conjugates. Seven different affibody constructs with different number and position of the affibody and ABD-domains were designed and evaluated, in vitro and in vivo. They differed in their effect on cell proliferation, where particularly the constructs with two affibody domains increased the rate of proliferation for the SKOV-3 cell line with high expression of HER2. In vivo, the constructs with one affibody domain had a longer blood retention and lower hepatic uptake compared to the constructs with two affibody domains. Two constructs were selected for characterization as drug conjugates, one that promoted cell proliferation strongly, and one that had only a minor effect on cell proliferation. The conjugates were investigated as drugs for treatment of mice carrying HER2- overexpressing SKOV-3 tumors. The results showed that the affibody drug conjugate ZHER2-ABD-mcDM1 was the most efficient drug. ZHER2-ABD- mcDM1 suppressed tumor growth and extended the median survival time of the mice from 37 to 63 days. 

In paper II, the goal was to investigate the properties of affibody or ADAPT- based fusion-toxins, targeting the HER2 receptor. The results showed that utilizing ZHER2 as targeting domain, to carry the toxic peptide PE25 to HER2 overexpressing cells, was better than using a dual-HER2 binder, consisting of ZHER2 and ADAPT6. Furthermore, the results showed that PE25􏰎based fusion toxins with high affinity to HER2 do not necessarily increase the cytotoxic effect beyond a certain point in affinity for the receptor. 

In paper III, the first HER3-targeting affibody drug conjugate was produced and studied. It was designed using the optimal format from paper I, i.e. affibody-ABD-mcDM1. The results showed a drug conjugate with a potent cytotoxic effect on the pancreatic cancer cell line, BxPC3, with an IC50 value of 6 nM. In mice, injection of a radiolabeled version of ZHER3-ABD-mcDM1, showed uptake in implanted BxPC3 tumors peaking at 6.3 ± 0.4 %ID/g at 6 h post-injection. The general biodistribution showed uptake in liver, lung, salivary gland, stomach, and small intestine, organs known to express HER3 naturally. Collectively, the results show that ZHER3-ABD-mcDM1 is a highly potent and specific drug conjugate, that motivates further development, and possibly investigation of its functionality in experimental therapy of HER3 overexpressing tumors in mice, and later humans. 

In paper IV, the goal was to investigate different cytotoxic drugs as part of an affibody-based drug conjugate targeting HER2. The optimal architecture from paper I, was employed also here, ZHER2-ABD-drug. The drugs tested were the tubulin polymerization inhibitors DM1, MMAE, and MMAF. ZHER2-ABD-mcMMAF had the most potent cytotoxic effect, with an IC50 value of 0.18 nM for SKBR3 cells with high HER2 expression. ZHER2-ABD- mcMMAE did not perform well in the cytotoxicity experiment. A better linker connecting the drug to the protein is probably required. ZHER2-ABD- mcMMAF was the best performing drug conjugate with the highest potency, and lowest uptake in liver; slightly outperforming ZHER2-ABD-mcDM1. 

In conclusion, the four papers cover generation and optimization of drug conjugates and fusion-toxin based on affibody molecules and ADAPTs. In the papers, new variants with desirable properties were identified and characterized. 

Abstract [sv]

Cancer är ett stort hälsoproblem, med för tidig död för många patienter och med en hög ekonomisk kostnad för samhället. Sjukdomen är komplex att behandla på grund av de många olika sorter som finns, men också för att de sjukdomsframkallande cellerna, som måste avlägsnas, är mycket lika de normala cellerna. Traditionell kemoterapi och strålbehandling har därför ett smalt terapeutiskt fönster. Riktad cancerterapi syftar till att på ett precist sätt leverera ett läkemedel till tumörvävnaden genom att känna igen biomarkörer som endast, eller åtminstone mestadels, är associerade med cancercellerna. Läkemedelskonjugat och fusionstoxiner är två typer av riktade läkemedel. De består båda av ett protein som målsöker tumören, en länk och en cytotoxisk last. Effektiviteten av läkemedelskonjugat och fusionstoxiner bestäms av deras tumörmålsökande förmåga och deras cytotoxicitet. Optimering av läkemedelskonjugat och fusionstoxiner handlar om att välja den bästa kombinationen av de tre komponenterna för att uppnå bästa effekt. 

I mina studier har jag arbetat med inriktning på human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 och 3, HER2 respektive HER3. Jag har använt affibodymolekyler: ZHER2 och ZHER3, och en ADAPT riktat mot HER2, ADAPT6. För förlängning av halveringstiden in vivo har jag använt en albuminbindande domän, ABD. Som cytotoxisk last har jag använt cellgifterna DM1, MMAE och MMAF, samt en trunkerad version av Pseudomonas exotoxin A, PE25. 

I artikel I var målet att undersöka arkitekturen för den tumörmålsökande delen av affibodybaserade läkemedelskonjugat. Sju olika varianter med olika antal och position av affibodys och ABD domäner designades och utvärderades, in vitro och in vivo. De skilde sig i sin effekt på cellproliferationen, där särskilt varianterna med två affibodydomäner ökade proliferationshastigheten för SKOV-3-cellinjen, som har högt uttryck av HER2. In vivo hade varianterna med en affibodydomän en längre retention i blod och lägre leverupptag jämfört med varianterna med två affibodydomäner. Två varianter valdes ut för karakterisering som läkemedelskonjugat, en som främjade cellproliferation starkt och en som endast hade en mindre effekt på cellproliferation. Konjugaten undersöktes som läkemedel för behandling av möss som bar HER2-överuttryckande SKOV-3-tumörer. Resultaten visade att affibody-läkemedelskonjugatet ZHER2-ABD-mcDM1 var det mest effektiva. ZHER2-ABD-mcDM1 undertryckte tumörtillväxt och förlängde medianöverlevnadstiden för mössen från 37 till 63 dagar. 

I artikel II var målet att undersöka egenskaperna hos affibody eller ADAPT- baserade fusionstoxiner, riktade mot HER2-receptorn. Resultaten visade att användningen av ZHER2 som målsökande domän, för att bära den toxiska peptiden PE25 till HER2-överuttryckande celler, var bättre än att använda en dubbel-HER2-bindare, bestående av ZHER2 och ADAPT6. Dessutom visade resultaten att PE25-baserade fusionstoxiner med hög affinitet till HER2 inte nödvändigtvis ökar den cytotoxiska effekten när en viss affinitet för receptorn har uppnåtts. 

I artikel III producerades och studerades det första HER3-riktade affibody- läkemedelskonjugatet. Den designades med det optimala formatet från artikel I, dvs affibody-ABD-mcDM1. Resultaten visade att läkemedelskonjugatet hade en potent cytotoxisk effekt på pankreas-cancer- cellinjen, BxPC3, med ett IC50-värde på 6 nM. Hos möss visade injektion av en radiomärkt version av ZHER3-ABD-mcDM1 upptag i implanterade BxPC3-tumörer med en topp på 6,3 ± 0,4 % ID/g, 6 timmar efter injektion. Den allmänna biodistributionen visade upptag i lever, lungor, spottkörtel, mage och tunntarm, organ som är kända för att naturligt uttrycka HER3. Sammantaget visar resultaten att ZHER3-ABD-mcDM1 är ett mycket potent och specifikt läkemedelskonjugat, som motiverar vidareutveckling, och möjligen undersökning av dess funktionalitet i experimentell terapi av HER3-överuttryckande tumörer hos möss och senare människor. 

I artikel IV var målet att undersöka olika cellgifter som en del av ett affibody- baserat läkemedelskonjugat riktat mot HER2. Den optimala arkitekturen från artikel I användes också här: ZHER2-ABD-last. De cytotoxiska laster som undersöktes var tubulin-polymerisations-hämmarna DM1, MMAE och MMAF. ZHER2-ABD-mcMMAF hade den mest potenta cytotoxiska effekten, med ett IC50-värde på 0,18 nM för SKBR3-celler med högt HER2-uttryck. ZHER2-ABD-mcMMAE fungerade inte så bra i cytotoxicitets-experimentet. En bättre länk som kopplar lasten till proteinet krävs förmodligen. ZHER2- ABD-mcMMAF var det bästa läkemedelskonjugatet med högst potens och lägsta upptaget i levern. Den var något bättre än ZHER2-ABD-mcDM1. 

Sammanfattningsvis täcker de fyra artiklarna generering och optimering av läkemedelskonjugat och fusionstoxiner baserade på affibodymolekyler och en ADAPT. I artiklarna identifierades och karakteriserades nya varianter med önskvärda egenskaper. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. xiii, 102
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2022:13
Keywords [en]
HER2, Affibody, Cancer, ADAPT, Protein engineering, PE38, DM1, MMAE, MMAF
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-308526ISBN: 978-91-8040-146-3 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-308526DiVA, id: diva2:1636408
Public defence
2022-03-11, Oskar Kleins Auditorium, Hannes Alfvéns Väg 11, Albanova University Center, Stockholm, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20220316

Available from: 2022-02-11 Created: 2022-02-09 Last updated: 2026-03-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The Influence of Domain Permutations of an Albumin-Binding Domain-Fused HER2-Targeting Affibody-Based Drug Conjugate on Tumor Cell Proliferation and Therapy Efficacy
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Influence of Domain Permutations of an Albumin-Binding Domain-Fused HER2-Targeting Affibody-Based Drug Conjugate on Tumor Cell Proliferation and Therapy Efficacy
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2021 (English)In: Pharmaceutics, E-ISSN 1999-4923, Vol. 13, no 11, p. 1974-1974Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a clinically validated target for breast cancer therapy. Previously, a drug-fused HER2-targeting affinity protein construct successfully extended the survival of mice bearing HER2-expressing xenografts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the number and positioning of the protein domains in the drug conjugate. Seven HER2-targeting affibody-based constructs, including one or two affibody molecules (Z) with or without an albumin-binding domain (ABD), namely Z, Z-ABD, ABD-Z, Z-Z, Z-Z-ABD, Z-ABD-Z, and ABD-Z-Z, were evaluated on their effects on cell growth, in vivo targeting, and biodistribution. The biodistribution study demonstrated that the monomeric constructs had longer blood retention and lower hepatic uptake than the dimeric ones. A dimeric construct, specifically ABD-Z-Z, could stimulate the proliferation of HER2 expressing SKOV-3 cells in vitro and the growth of tumors in vivo, whereas the monomeric construct Z-ABD could not. These two constructs demonstrated a therapeutic effect when coupled to mcDM1; however, the effect was more pronounced for the non-stimulating Z-ABD. The median survival of the mice treated with Z-ABD-mcDM1 was 63 days compared to the 37 days for those treated with ABD-Z-Z-mcDM1 or for the control animals. Domain permutation of an ABD-fused HER2-targeting affibody-based drug conjugate significantly influences tumor cell proliferation and therapy efficacy. The monomeric conjugate Z-ABD is the most promising format for targeted delivery of the cytotoxic drug DM1.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2021
Keywords
HER2, affibody molecule, albumin-binding domain, drug conjugate, targeted therapy, mertansine, DM1
National Category
Microbiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-308519 (URN)10.3390/pharmaceutics13111974 (DOI)000787099200001 ()34834389 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85120309189 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Cancer Society, CAN 2018/824Swedish Cancer Society, 20 0815 PjFSwedish Cancer Society, 20 0893 PjSwedish Research Council, 2019-00986Vinnova, 2019/00104
Note

QC 20220509

Available from: 2022-02-09 Created: 2022-02-09 Last updated: 2026-03-25Bibliographically approved
2. HER2-Specific Pseudomonas Exotoxin A PE25 Based Fusions: Influence of Targeting Domain on Target Binding, Toxicity, and In Vivo Biodistribution
Open this publication in new window or tab >>HER2-Specific Pseudomonas Exotoxin A PE25 Based Fusions: Influence of Targeting Domain on Target Binding, Toxicity, and In Vivo Biodistribution
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2020 (English)In: Pharmaceutics, E-ISSN 1999-4923, Vol. 12, no 4, article id 391Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a clinically validated target for cancer therapy, and targeted therapies are often used in regimens for patients with a high HER2 expression level. Despite the success of current drugs, a number of patients succumb to their disease, which motivates development of novel drugs with other modes of action. We have previously shown that an albumin binding domain-derived affinity protein with specific affinity for HER2, ADAPT(6), can be used to deliver the highly cytotoxic protein domain PE25, a derivative of Pseudomonas exotoxin A, to HER2 overexpressing malignant cells, leading to potent and specific cell killing. In this study we expanded the investigation for an optimal targeting domain and constructed two fusion toxins where a HER2-binding affibody molecule, Z(HER2:2891), or the dual-HER2-binding hybrid Z(HER2:2891)-ADAPT(6) were used for cancer cell targeting. We found that both targeting domains conferred strong binding to HER2; both to the purified extracellular domain and to the HER2 overexpressing cell line SKOV3. This resulted in fusion toxins with high cytotoxic potency toward cell lines with high expression levels of HER2, with EC50 values between 10 and 100 pM. For extension of the plasma half-life, an albumin binding domain was also included. Intravenous injection of the fusion toxins into mice showed a profound influence of the targeting domain on biodistribution. Compared to previous results, with ADAPT(6) as targeting domain, Z(HER2:2891) gave rise to further extension of the plasma half-life and also shifted the clearance route of the fusion toxin from the liver to the kidneys. Collectively, the results show that the targeting domain has a major impact on uptake of PE25-based fusion toxins in different organs. The results also show that PE25-based fusion toxins with high affinity to HER2 do not necessarily increase the cytotoxicity beyond a certain point in affinity. In conclusion, Z(HER2:2891) has the most favorable characteristics as targeting domain for PE25.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2020
Keywords
pseudomonas exotoxin A, affibody molecule, half-life extension, cancer, HER2
National Category
Microbiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276626 (URN)10.3390/pharmaceutics12040391 (DOI)000535575000096 ()32344762 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85083989782 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200623

Available from: 2020-06-23 Created: 2020-06-23 Last updated: 2026-03-10Bibliographically approved
3. Targeting tumor cells overexpressing the human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 with potent drug conjugates based on affibody molecules
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Targeting tumor cells overexpressing the human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 with potent drug conjugates based on affibody molecules
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Increasing evidence suggests that therapy targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) could be a viable route for targeted cancer therapy. Here, we have studied a novel drug conjugate, ZHER3-ABD-mcDM1, consisting of a HER3-targeting affibody molecule, coupled to the cytotoxic tubulin polymerization inhibitor DM1, and an albumin- binding domain for in vivo half-life extension. ZHER3-ABD-mcDM1 showed strong affinity to the extracellular domain of HER3 (KD 6 nM), and an even stronger affinity (KD 0.2 nM) to the HER3-overexpressing pancreatic cancer cell line, BxPC3. The drug conjugate showed a potent cytotoxic effect on BxPC3 cells with an IC50 value of 7 nM. Further in vitro evaluation of a radiolabeled version [99mTc]Tc-ZHER3-ABD-mcDM1, showed that it had a relatively high rate of internalization into HER3-expressing BxPC-3 as well as DU145 (prostate cancer) cells, with a 27% internalized fraction after 8 h. Further in vivo evaluation showed that it could specifically target BxPC-3 and DU145-derived xenografts in mice, with an uptake peaking at 6.3 ± 0.4 %ID/g at 6 h post-injection for the BxPC-3-derived xenografts. The general biodistribution showed uptake in liver, lung, salivary gland, stomach, and small intestine, organs known to express HER3 naturally. The results from the study show that ZHER3-ABD- mcDM1 is a highly potent and specific drug conjugate, that may be further developed towards HER3-targeted cancer therapy.

National Category
Microbiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-308520 (URN)
Note

QC 20220225

Available from: 2022-02-09 Created: 2022-02-09 Last updated: 2026-03-24Bibliographically approved
4. A comparison of affibody conjugates loaded with auristatin and maytansine derived drugs
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A comparison of affibody conjugates loaded with auristatin and maytansine derived drugs
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Auristatin and maytansine-derived drugs are cytotoxic tubulin polymerization inhibitors commonly used as payloads in drug conjugates intended for targeted cancer therapy. We have previously shown that an affibody molecule ZHER2, binding to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), can be site-specifically conjugated to DM1, a maytansine- derived payload, creating the potent and specific drug conjugate, ZHER2-ABD-mcDM1, where the ABD is an albumin binding domain used for in vivo half-life extension. Here, we investigated the properties of the HER2-binding affibody molecule conjugated with the two auristatin-derived payloads, monomethyl auristatin E and F (MMAE and MMAF), in comparison with the construct with DM1. We found that the drug conjugate ZHER2-ABD- mcMMAF was more potent than ZHER2-ABD-mcDM1, with IC50 values to high-HER2 expressing cell lines ranging from 0.18 to 12 nM. By contrast the IC50 values of ZHER2-ABD- mcMMAE was considerably weaker and this construct would probably benefit from a different linker connecting the drug to the affibody fusion protein. Quantification of uptake in HER2-expressing tumors and normal organs of 99m-technetium labeled drug conjugates showed that they were predominantly cleared by the kidneys, with relatively high tumor uptake, peaking at 11.1 ± 4.1 %ID/g for ZHER2-ABD-mcMMAE at 24 h post-injection, 8.5 ± 1.5 %ID/g for ZHER2-ABD-mcMMAF at 48 h post-injection, and 7.1 ± 1.8 %ID/g for ZHER2- ABD-mcDM1 at 48 h post-injection. Most normal organs, except for the kidneys, had a relatively low uptake. In conclusion, ZHER2-ABD-mcMMAF was the best performing drug conjugate with the highest potency, and lowest uptake in liver; slightly outperforming ZHER2- ABD-mcDM1.

National Category
Microbiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-308521 (URN)
Note

QC 20220225

Available from: 2022-02-09 Created: 2022-02-09 Last updated: 2026-03-25Bibliographically approved

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