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Impacts of large-scale driverless truck adoption on the freight transport system
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Integrated Transport Research Lab, ITRL.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7324-6691
VTI Swedish Natl Rd & Transport Res Inst, Linköping, Sweden..
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Integrated Transport Research Lab, ITRL.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2011-6273
2021 (English)In: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, ISSN 0965-8564, E-ISSN 1879-2375, Vol. 154, p. 227-254Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper presents an analysis of the potential impacts of large-scale adoption of driverless trucks on transport patterns and system costs for a national freight transport system with Sweden as a case study. The analysis is performed by extending the application domain of the Swedish national freight transport model Samgods to analyze two types of driverless truck scenarios. The first scenario represents a full adoption of driverless trucks that can operate the complete road network and thereby substitute manually driven trucks. In this scenario, road transport tonne-kilometers on Swedish territory increase by 22%, vehicle kilometers traveled by trucks increase by 35% and annual total system costs decrease by 1.7 B(sic) compared to a baseline scenario without driverless trucks. In the second scenario, the current fleet of manually driven trucks is complemented by driverless trucks that can operate on major roads between logistics hubs, but not in complex traffic environments like urban areas due to a limited operational design domain. This may be an initial use-case for driverless trucks operating on public roads. In this scenario, road tonne-kilometers increase by 11%, truck vehicle kilometers traveled increase by 15%, and annual total system costs decrease by 1.2 B_ compared to the baseline. For both scenarios, the impacts of driverless trucks vary significantly between commodity types and transport distances which suggests heterogeneity of benefits of automated driving between different types of freight flows. A sensitivity analysis is performed in which the costs for driverless truck operations is varied, and for the second scenario, also which parts of the road network that driverless trucks can operate are varied. This analysis indicates that the magnitude of impacts is highly dependent on the cost level of driverless trucks and that the ability for DL-trucks to perform international, cross-border transport is crucial for achieving reductions in system costs. An overarching conclusion of the study is that driverless trucks may lead to a significant increase in road transport demand due to modal shifts from rail and sea as a result of the improved cost performance of road transport. This would further strengthen the need to decarbonize road transport to meet non-negotiable climate targets. Important topics for future research include assessing potential societal costs related to driverless trucks due to infrastructure investments and negative externalities such as increasing CO2 emissions and congestion.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD , 2021. Vol. 154, p. 227-254
Keywords [en]
Driverless trucks, Automated vehicles, Freight transport modeling, Transport system analysis, Impact analysis
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-309050DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2021.10.014ISI: 000749882100012Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85118359183OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-309050DiVA, id: diva2:1639395
Note

QC 20220221

Available from: 2022-02-21 Created: 2022-02-21 Last updated: 2024-11-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Automated driving in road freight transport: On system-level impacts, policy implications and the role of uncertainty
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Automated driving in road freight transport: On system-level impacts, policy implications and the role of uncertainty
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The freight transport system is expected to face significant changes driven by emerging technologies, increasing transport demand, and the need for rapid decarbonization. Automated driving systems and their application to road freight in the form of driverless trucks is one such technology that may influence the development. Driverless trucks could potentially enable cost efficient, safe, and flexible transport solutions, provided that technical, regulatory, and operational challenges are overcome. However, there is significant uncertainty regarding their development trajectory, future use, and system-level impacts such as changes in transport costs, freight patterns, and mode shifts, as well as their implications for sustainable freight transport.

This thesis explores potential long-term system-level impacts of driverless trucks and implications for planning, policy, and sustainability, with a focus on the Swedish freight transport system. Four objectives are addressed. First, future scenarios for the freight transport system are developed, and an analysis of the Swedish innovation system for driverless trucks is performed. The results suggest that plausible initial deployments of driverless trucks are within confined areas, short-distance repetitive flows, and for highway driving between logistics facilities. The innovation process of driverless trucks is characterized by cooperation among a broad set of actors, and it is possible that driverless trucks will disrupt the value chain of road freight transport.

Second, the potential impacts on road transport costs are modeled, showing that driverless trucks could reduce costs by 20% or more, largely determined by the extent to which total labor costs can be reduced.

Third, system-level impacts are analyzed for a large set of introduction scenarios, using national freight transport modeling. The change in cost structure could lead to increased demand for road transport and shifts from rail and sea to road, which may have implications for infrastructure planning, policymaking, and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, driverless trucks capable of operating on highways and strategically chosen access roads can address a substantial amount of freight demand and generate significant system impacts.

Finally, this thesis explores how model-based analysis of driverless trucks’ cost performance, system-level impacts, and climate policy implications under uncertainty can be enhanced using exploratory modeling and methods for decision-making under deep uncertainty. The application of such methods demonstrates that they can contribute to a broader understanding of potential impacts and policy robustness. Several challenges for their introduction in national transport planning are identified, including the need for more flexible and faster models, and managing fundamental differences in approach compared to the current prediction-based planning paradigm.

This thesis contributes with research on the potential system-level impacts of driverless trucks, which may be of relevance for the freight transport industry as well as planners and policymakers at the national level. The research offers an initial, broad examination of a topic for which literature is scarce. Several areas for future research are identified, including the relationship between driverless trucks, electrification, and freight decarbonization; improving modeling of costs and operations of driverless trucks at the vehicle and fleet levels; as well as developing tools to support exploratory modeling and planning to handle uncertainty about the future.

Abstract [sv]

Godstransportsystemet förväntas stå inför betydande förändringar, drivna av ny teknik, ökande transportefterfrågan och behovet av en snabb omställning till fossilfria transporter. Automatiserade körsystem, och deras tillämpning i form av förarlösa lastbilar är en sådan teknologi som kan påverka utvecklingen under de kommande årtiondena. Förarlösa lastbilar kan ha potential att möjliggöra kostnadseffektiva, säkra och flexibla transportlösningar, förutsatt att tekniska, regulatoriska och operativa utmaningar hanteras. Det finns dock betydande osäkerhet kring teknikens framtida utvecklingsriktning och användning, samt kring systemeffekter såsom förändrade transportkostnader, transportmönster och val av transportslag, och dess påverkan på omställningen till ett hållbart transportsystem.

Denna avhandling utforskar potentiella, långsiktiga systemeffekter av förarlösa lastbilar och implikationer för planering, policy och hållbarhet med fokus på det svenska godstransportsystemet. Avhandlingen fokuserar på fyra områden. För det första utvecklas framtidsscenarier för godstransportsystemet och en analys av innovationssystemet för förarlösa lastbilar genomförs. Resultaten tyder på att förarlösa lastbilar initialt kan komma att implementeras inom avgränsade områden, för korta repetitiva flöden och för motorvägskörningmellan logistikfaciliteter. Innovationsprocessen för förarlösa lastbilar kännetecknas av samarbete mellan en bred uppsättning aktörer och det är möjligt att förarlösa lastbilar kommer att förändra värdekedjan för vägtransporter.

För det andra modelleras potentiella effekter av förarlösa lastbilar på vägtransportkostnader. Resultaten visar att förarlösa lastbilar kan minska kostnaderna med 20 % eller mer, där magnituden till stor del beror på i vilken utsträckning de totala arbetskostnaderna kan reduceras.

För det tredje analyseras systemeffekter i ett stort antal introduktionsscenarier, med hjälp av nationell godstransportmodellering. Förändringen i kostnadsstrukturen kan leda till ökad efterfrågan på vägtransporter och överflyttning från järnväg och sjöfart till väg, vilket kan ha konsekvenser för infrastrukturplanering, klimatstyrmedel och miljömässig hållbarhet. Vidare kan förarlösa lastbilar som kan köra på motorvägar samt strategiskt valda tillfartsvägar tillgodose en stor andel av transportefterfrågan.

Slutligen utforskar avhandlingen hur modellbaserad analys av förarlösa lastbilars kostnadsprestanda, systemeffekter och klimatpolitiska implikationer under osäkerhet kan förbättras genom användning av explorativ modellering och metoder för beslutsfattande under djup osäkerhet. Tillämpandet av sådana metoder visar att de kan bidra till en bredare förståelse av möjliga effekter och robustheten för olika styrmedel. Identifierade utmaningar för att införa sådana metoder i nationell transportplanering inkluderar behovet av mer flexibla och snabbare modeller samt att hantera grundläggande skillnader i angreppssätt jämfört med det nuvarande prognosbaserade planeringsparadigmet.

Avhandlingen bidrar med forskning om potentiella systemeffekter av förarlösa lastbilar, som kan vara relevant för transportindustrin samt för planering och policy på nationell nivå. Forskningen utgör en tidig, bred analys av ett område där litteraturen är begränsad. Flera områden för framtida forskning identifieras, vilka inkluderar relationen mellan förarlösa lastbilar, elektrifiering och fossilfria godstransporter; förbättrad modellering av kostnader, planering och användning av förarlösa lastbilar på fordons- och flottnivå; samt utveckling av verktyg som stödjer explorativ modellering och planering för att hantera osäkerhet om framtiden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 379
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2024:21
Keywords
Driverless trucks, Freight modeling, System-level impacts, Exploratory modeling, Electrification, Deep uncertainty, Förarlösa lastbilar, Godsmodellering, Systemeffekter, Explorativ modellering, Elektrifiering
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356364 (URN)978-91-8106-117-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-11, Kollegiesalen / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69620883894, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2017/22806
Available from: 2024-11-19 Created: 2024-11-14 Last updated: 2025-11-18Bibliographically approved

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Engholm, AlbinPernestål Brenden, Anna

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