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Socio-spatial disparities in access to emergency health care—A Scandinavian case study
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment, Urban and Regional Studies.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8958-107X
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment, Urban and Regional Studies.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5302-1698
2021 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 16, no 12, p. e0261319-e0261319Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Having timely access to emergency health care (EHC) depends largely on where you live. In this Scandinavian case study, we investigate how accessibility to EHC varies spatially in order to reveal potential socio-spatial disparities in access. Distinct measures of EHC accessibility were calculated for southern Sweden in a network analysis using a Geographical Information System (GIS) based on data from 2018. An ANOVA test was carried out to investigate how accessibility vary for different measures between urban and rural areas, and negative binominal regression modelling was then carried out to assess potential disparities in accessibility between socioeconomic and demographic groups. Areas with high shares of older adults show poor access to EHC, especially those in the most remote, rural areas. However, rurality alone does not preclude poor access to EHC. Education, income and proximity to ambulance stations were also associated with EHC accessibility, but not always in expected ways. Despite indications of a well-functioning EHC, with most areas served within one hour, socio-spatial disparities in access to EHC were detected both between places and population groups.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Public Library of Science (PLoS) , 2021. Vol. 16, no 12, p. e0261319-e0261319
Keywords [en]
spatial analysis, regression analysis, inequities, Sweden
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy Social and Economic Geography
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311136DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261319ISI: 000747293600043PubMedID: 34890436Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85121115481OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-311136DiVA, id: diva2:1652546
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-00332
Note

QC 20220420

Duplicate with diva2:1637219 (part of thesis)

Available from: 2022-04-19 Created: 2022-04-19 Last updated: 2024-01-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Planning for equitable emergency health care: Assessing the geography of ambulance supply and demand in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Planning for equitable emergency health care: Assessing the geography of ambulance supply and demand in Sweden
2022 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Providing high-quality health care to everyone who needs it is a central objective for theSwedish health care system. One way in which this goal is broadly pursued is by allocatingresources that maximize the geographical coverage of ambulances, aiming at reducingambulance response times as much as possible, for as many as possible. However, in reality,emergencies tend to be concentrated in space and time. They are more likely to occur atparticular places and times, following people’s routine activities. Likewise, some groups aremore likely to require acute health care, implying that supply needs to be tailored to patientdemand. This thesis investigates the nature of emergency health care (EHC) services byassessing the temporal and the geographical distribution of ambulance services from a supplyand demand perspective using southern Sweden as a study area. Geographical informationsystem (GIS), spatial analysis and regression models underpin the methodology of the study.Findings indicate that there currently exist disparities in access to EHC services in Sweden,both between urban and rural areas and between sociodemographic groups. Depending on howaccessibility is measured, different spatial patterns emerge, suggesting that the current practiceof measuring response times should be complemented by alternative measures of accessibilityin an attempt to reduce inequities in access to ambulances between groups and places. Resultsalso indicate that the demand for EHC services varies both spatially and temporally, and thatdemographic and land use differences can be helpful in explaining such variations. The thesishighlights that currently employed EHC policy goals may entail unexpected inequities in theaccess to and supply of ambulances and, consequently, of EHC. As such, the study opens upfor a discussion on how useful quantitative measures can be in revealing group inequities inaccess to EHC.

Abstract [sv]

Att erbjuda god tillgång till vård för hela befolkningen är ett centralt mål för det svenskavårdsystemet. Detta eftersträvas genom att resurser fördelas på ett sätt som maximerar dengeografiska täckningen av ambulanser, där målet är att minska ambulansers responstider såmycket som möjligt, för så många som möjligt. I verkligheten är akuta situationerkoncentrerade i både tid och rum. De uppstår på specifika platser, vid specifika tidpunkter ochreflekterar till viss del människors rutinmässiga rörelsemönster. Samtidigt löper vissa grupperstörre risk att drabbas av akuta sjukdomar eller skador, vilket insinuerar att tillhandahållandetav resurser behöver skräddarsys efter behov, snarare än populationsmängd. Den härlicentiatavhandlingen undersöker akutvården genom att analysera temporala och geografiskafördelningen av ambulansresurser utifrån ett tillgång- och efterfrågan-perspektiv i södraSverige. Metoderna som studierna baserades på innefattade användandet av geografiskainformationssystem (GIS), rumslig analys och regressionsmodeller. Resultaten indikerar attdet finns skillnader i tillgång till akutvård i Sverige, både mellan stad och landsbygd ochmellan sociodemografiska grupper. Beroende på hur tillgång mäts uppstår olika rumsligamönster av skillnader i tillgång, vilket pekar på att nuvarande sätt att mäta responstid bordekompletteras med alternativa mått. Detta skulle kunna bidra till att minska ojämlikheter itillgång till ambulansvård. Resultaten indikerar också att behov för akutvård varierar över tidoch rum, och att både demografiska variabler och olika typer av markanvändning kan bidratill att förklara sådana variationer. Den här avhandlingen visar på att nuvarande policymålinom akutvård kan leda till oväntad ojämlikhet vad gäller tillgång och efterfrågan tillambulans och, som en konsekvens, till akutvård generellt. Studierna öppnar således upp fören diskussion om hur användbara kvantitativa mått kan vara vad gäller att belysa ojämlikheteri tillgång till akutvård.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 22
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2215
Keywords
emergency health care, spatial analysis, equity, policy, akutvård, rumslig analys, jämlikhet, policy
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy Social and Economic Geography
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Urban and Regional Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311148 (URN)978-91-8040-223-1 (ISBN)
Presentation
2022-05-05, U61, Brinellvägen 26, KTH Campus, Videolänk: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67459705187, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC220420

Available from: 2022-04-20 Created: 2022-04-19 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
2. Where are the people in emergency service planning?: Assessing the geography and equity of access to emergency services in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Where are the people in emergency service planning?: Assessing the geography and equity of access to emergency services in Sweden
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Providing high-quality health care to everyone who needs it is a central objective of the Swedish healthcare system. One way in which this goal is broadly pursued is by allocating resources that maximize the geographical coverage of ambulances, aimed at reducing ambulance respons times as much as possible, for as many as possible. However, emergencies tend to be concentrated in space and time and some groups are more likely to require acute health care, implying that supply needs to be tailored to patient demand. This thesis aims to assess spatial and sociodemographic disparities in access to, and demand for, emergency services in Sweden, with a particular focus on emergency health care (EHC) services. It problematizes how supply and demand are measured, and the consequences this may have for the equitability of access to resources and efficient emergency response. Findings indicate that there currently exist spatial and sociodemographic disparities in access to EHC services in Sweden. The risk of requiring an ambulance is shown to be higher for individuals living in rural areas and for older adults in particular. Concomitantly, these groups have particularly poor levels of accessibility. The findings also indicate that the way that demand and accessibility is measured produce different spatial (and temporal) patterns and that commonly employed indicators of performance in policy (population sizes and response times) are shown to be overestimated and underestimated to varying degrees at certain times and in certain places. Such information is important to convey to planners, as inaccurate estimates may entail that planners have poor knowledge on which to base decisions related to resource allocation, which could in turn affect some places and groups negatively. The thesis highlights that currently employed policy goals may inadvertently entail unexpected inequities in terms of varying levels of accessibility to EHC, where resources are not directed towards the places and groups that need them the most. This opens up a discussion of how quantitative measures that underpin planning are always based on certain conceptualizations over other possible conceptualizations. Ultimately, this thesis may contribute to facilitating the planning of more equitable emergency services.

Abstract [sv]

En central målsättning för svensk vård är att den ska vara tillgänglig för alla oavsett var eller när det behövs, och vem som behöver det. Ett sätt att nå detta mål är att se till att så många som möjligt kan nås av en ambulans inom en rimlig tid. Akuta situationer är dock inte jämt fördelade över landet, över dygnet eller mellan olika grupper i populationen. För att resurser ska vara tillgängliga för de som behöver dem måste sådana skillnader belysas när vårdens resurser fördelas. Målet med arbetet som redovisas i denna avhandling var att undersöka skillnader vad gäller tillgång och efterfrågan för blåljustjänster, med specifikt fokus på akutvården. Resultaten indikerar att landsbygdsområden och områden med hög andel äldre befolkning tenderar att ha sämre tillgång till akutvård. Samtidigt visar resultaten att befolkningen i dessa områden löper högre risk att behöva en ambulans. Avhandlingen problematiserar hur sättet som tillgång och efterfrågan mäts på kan generera olika rumsliga (och temporala) mönster som beslutsfattare utgår ifrån när de tar beslut om hur resurser ska fördelas mellan platser och grupper. Arbetet som redovisas här visar hur vanligt förekommande modellerade indikatorer inom planering – så som populationsmängder och responstider – tenderar att över- eller underestimera jämfört med uppmätta mått i verkligheten på vissa platser, vid vissa tidpunkter. Sådan information är viktig att förmedla till planerare och beslutsfattare eftersom otillförlitliga estimeringar utgör dåligt kunskapsunderlag för att ta beslut om hur resurser ska fördelas i tid och rum, vilket i förlängningen kan leda till att vissa grupper och platser missgynnas i planeringen. Den här avhandlingen visar hur de policymål som är i bruk idag riskerar att öka ojämlikhet vad gäller skillnader i tillgänglighet till akutvård. Detta öppnar upp för en diskussion om hur de kvantitativa mått som ligger till grund för planering alltid är baserade på specifika konceptualiseringar och problemformuleringar. Resultaten kan i förlängningen bidra till planering av mer jämlika och effektiva blåljustjänster i framtiden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 147
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2355
Keywords
emergency services, spatial analysis, equity, accessibility, blåljustjänster, rumslig analys, jämlikhet, tillgänglighet
National Category
Social and Economic Geography Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Urban and Regional Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-342001 (URN)978-91-8040-802-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-02-02, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61168009140, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
Blue Light in Green Surroundings: Challenges and Opportunities for Emergency and Rescue Services in Sweden
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-01424Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency
Note

QC 20240110

Available from: 2024-01-10 Created: 2024-01-09 Last updated: 2025-12-03Bibliographically approved

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Hassler, JacobCeccato, Vania

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