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”It’s in the between”: Inter-Project Organising in Project Ecologies
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Construction and Facilities Management.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6071-9242
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The word project is used to describe everything from mundane tasks tomajor government-initiated structural changes. Projects are also thefocus of a growing research field that seeks to understand how society isorganised. On the back of this ‘projectification’, projects are becomingincreasingly entangled with each other, both in and betweenorganisations. This means that it is not only important to understandsingle projects, but also the interdependencies between projects in multiprojectcontexts. There is a call for a deeper understanding of multiprojectcontexts as interdependencies between projects can influenceproject work and outcomes widely, even though the interdependenciesare not visible in formal relationships. This thesis applies the concept ofproject ecologies to explore interdependencies that go beyond strategic orformal relationships. Inspired by a practice perspective, the purpose ofthis thesis is to increase the understanding of multi-project context,through investigating inter-project practices in project ecologies.In this thesis, urban development and construction projects are studied togain insight into inter-project practices in project ecologies. Spaceinterdependencies are multiple when parallel and sequential constructionprojects are carried out in a confined urban development district, and theactions of construction clients in this setting are studied using interviews,meeting observations and project documents. Routine dynamics are themain analytical framework, and the emergence of inter-project routines isused to study inter-project practices and how interdependencies becomerelationships through joint action.The findings show that construction clients commencing projects in anurban development district must apply both an intra- and inter-projectfocus. As project ecologies have low levels of formal management,construction clients must take actions to handle space interdependenciesbetween projects, i.e., actions patterned into routines between projects.These actions are not steered through principal-agent relationships, butstem from self-organising to a large extent. In project ecologies, the maincomplexities lie between projects, but benefits can be achieved if theactors can overcome issues relating to skewed power relationships, trust,and resource allocations. In the case of urban development, these benefitscan include the creation of new neighbourhoods and sustainability.The focus on the space between projects and on inter-project routinessuggests that the concept of project ecologies would benefit from an interprojectlayer running horizontally between projects. This layer, whencoupled with the routine dynamics framework, could help move theconcept of project ecologies beyond identifying actors, projects andorganisations in networks, to following the actions and actors’ practicesthat emerge in a project ecology.This thesis contributes to project studies by exploring organising that isboth inter-project and inter-organisational, moving beyond programmesand megaprojects as concepts explaining complex project organising.More specifically, it contributes to the literature on project ecologies byextending the understanding of organising in project ecologies throughexploring actions between projects. By using organisational routines tozoom-in on the actions between projects, the current definition of projectecologies as centred around a single project and firm is scrutinised.Moreover, this thesis contributes to the construction managementliterature by redirecting the focus away from contractual relationships toshowing how construction clients’ roles are influenced byinterdependencies between projects and by having to perform intra- andinter-project practices in parallel.

Abstract [sv]

Begreppet projekt används idag för att beskriva allt från vardagligauppgifter till genomförande av stora och strukturella förändringar isamhället. Projekt är inte bara en del av vår vardag men också ettväxande forskningsområde fokuserat på att förstå organiseringen av vårtsamhälle. I och med denna projektifiering blir projekt mer och mersammanknutna med varandra, både inom och mellan organisationer. Deträcker inte att förstå det enskilda projektet utan även beroenden mellanprojekt, i multiprojektmiljöer, måste tas hänsyn till. Dessa beroenden kanha inflytande både på arbetet inom projekt och på dess resultat, även omberoendena inte är synliga genom formella relationer. Den häravhandlingen använder konceptet projektekologier för att undersökaberoenden mellan interorganisatoriska projekt. Projektekologier öppnarför att också studera informella beroenden, utöver strategiska ochformella relationer. Genom att fokusera på praktiker är avhandlingensavsikt att utöka förståelsen av multiprojektmiljöer genom att undersökainter-projektpraktiker i projektekologier.

I avhandlingen används byggprojekt som exempel på projektekologi, föratt kunna studera praktiker mellan projekt. Många spatiala beroendenuppkommer mellan parallella och sekventiella byggprojekt, när det utförsinom ett begränsat område. Byggherrarnas agerande mellan projekt inomett stadsutvecklingsområde har studerats genom intervjuer,mötesobservationer och dokumentstudier och det teoretiska fältet routinedynamics har använts som det huvudsakliga analytiska ramverket.Utifrån det har rutiner som uppkommer mellan projekt studerats för attskapa förståelse för praktiker mellan projekt (inter-projekt) och hurberoenden utvecklas till relationer genom gemensamt agerande.

Resultaten visar att byggherrarna som påbörjar projekt i ettstadsutvecklingsområde måste förstå beroenden både inom och mellanprojekt. Då projektekologier pågår utan formellt ledarskap så måstebyggherrarna gemensamt agera för att hantera spatiala beroenden mellansina projekt. Agerande som över tid skapar rutiner mellan projekt. Tillstor del uppkommer byggherrarnas agerande genom självorganisering. Iprojektekologier ligger de största svårigheterna mellan projekt, menockså de största möjligheterna om aktörerna överkommer problem relaterade till maktförhållanden, tillit och resursallokering. Förstadsutvecklingsområden inkluderar dessa möjligheter att skapa nyasociala områden och uppnå hållbarhetsmål.

Genom att flytta fokus till mellanrummen mellan projekt och fokusera påinter-projekt praktiker kan förståelsen av projektekologier utvecklas,genom att inkludera ett inter-projekt lager, horisontellt mellan projekt.Ett inter-projekt lagret kombinerat med att följa rutiner kan hjälpa till attutveckla konceptet projektekologier, och därmed nå bortom attidentifiera aktörer, projekt och organisationer i ett nätverk till att följaderas agerande och praktiker som uppkommer inom projektekologier.

I ett vidare perspektiv bidrar avhandlingen till projektstudier genom attstudera organisering som sker mellan projekt och organisationer, bortomförståelsen för program och megaprojekt som koncept för att förklarakomplex projektorganisering. Mer specifikt utökas förståelsen avorganisering i projektekologier genom att belysa horisontellt agerandemellan projekt. Genom att fokusera på rutiner och zooma in påageranden utvecklas också definitionen av projektekologier, från attcentrera på ett enskilt projekt eller företag till att se mellanrummen.Vidare bidrar avhandlingen till byggledningslitteraturen genom att riktafokus bort från kontraktrelationer och visa hur byggherrarna påverkaroch påverkas av beroenden mellan projekt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. 82
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2226
Keywords [en]
project ecologies, organisational routines, space interdependencies, self-organising, urban development district, construction project, construction client
National Category
Business Administration
Research subject
Business Studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311731ISBN: 978-91-8040-243-9 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-311731DiVA, id: diva2:1655594
Public defence
2022-06-03, F3, Lindstedsvägen 26, KTH Campus, Videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65138159644, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20220509

Available from: 2022-05-09 Created: 2022-05-03 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Coordinated construction logistics: an innovation perspective
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Coordinated construction logistics: an innovation perspective
2019 (English)In: Construction Management and Economics, ISSN 0144-6193, E-ISSN 1466-433X, Vol. 37, no 5, p. 294-307Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Coordinated construction logistics is an increasingly discussed topic in the Swedish construction industry. It is suggested as a means to increase efficiency in transportation, decrease material usage, coordinate health and safety on-site, etc. Much research on construction logistics has been done from a supply chain management perspective, often highlighting construction logistics as a necessary rational tool to improve efficiency in construction industry. However, could there be other ways to study this phenomenon? The purpose of this paper is to map empirically found coordinated construction logistics models and explore them as different types of innovation. The findings suggest that coordinated construction logistics models should be regarded as not being a fully embedded innovation as they have not yet changed the processes in the way they set out to do initially. Furthermore, differences are identified between company-based models, project-based models and system-based models, and suggest that differences in, for example, development, impact and objectives should be regarded both when conducting research on and when implementing coordinated construction logistics in practice. Finally, it is concluded that commitment, communication and cooperation are important when implementing coordinated construction logistics, which is in line with findings within the supply chain management literature.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2019
Keywords
Coordinated logistics, innovation, inter-organizational coordination, supply-chain management
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-251193 (URN)10.1080/01446193.2018.1528372 (DOI)000463853200004 ()2-s2.0-85057334336 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190523

Available from: 2019-05-23 Created: 2019-05-23 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. Users' influence on inter-organizational innovation: mapping the receptive context
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Users' influence on inter-organizational innovation: mapping the receptive context
2018 (English)In: Construction Innovation, ISSN 1471-4175, E-ISSN 1477-0857, Vol. 18, no 4, p. 488-504Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose Innovation is constantly present in the construction industry, however, mainly on a single project level. Initiating and implementing inter-organizational innovation in a multi-project context such as in urban development entails large complexity, for example, because of the many interdependent projects and users of innovation. The users' influence on inter-organizational innovation in a multi-project context has not been fully explored. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to discuss how users influence inter-organizational innovation in multi-project contexts by mapping the receptiveness for change. Design/methodology/approach A single case study approach was used, where empirical material including semi-structured interviews in combination with meeting observations, document studies and participative workshops were gathered. The rich empirical material, studying inter-organizational innovation in an urban development context, was mapped based on the receptive context for change framework. Findings A receptive context for change was not present in the studied multi-project context. Communication to develop and implement inter-organizational innovation was not sufficient and the clients' procurement strategies were to a large extent not developed to facilitate inter-organizational innovation. Findings show differences in users' possibility and aim to implement inter-organizational innovation. Originality/value The mapping of the receptive context to influence inter-organizational innovation widens the knowledge base and provides valuable insights on how inter-organizational innovation may be implemented in the loosely coupled construction industry. Furthermore, the findings broaden the discussion on clients as innovation supporters, and contribute to the debate on clients as innovation supporters, by highlighting the importance of distinguishing between different types of clients.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2018
Keywords
Users, Procurement strategies, Innovation supporter, Inter-organizational innovation, Multi-project context, Receptive context
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-239519 (URN)10.1108/CI-12-2017-0095 (DOI)000449271300006 ()2-s2.0-85055992495 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20181127

Available from: 2018-11-27 Created: 2018-11-27 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
3. Developing a neighbourhood: exploring construction projects from a project ecology perspective
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Developing a neighbourhood: exploring construction projects from a project ecology perspective
2020 (English)In: Construction Management and Economics, ISSN 0144-6193, E-ISSN 1466-433X, Vol. 38, no 10, p. 964-976Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

As a consequence of ongoing urbanisation, construction projects are likely to be performed in multi-project contexts. Zooming out from the single project and focusing on the context in which construction projects are performed is suggested as a way to broaden our understanding and develop new theory. The empirical case in focus here, which is studied as a project ecology, is the development of a major urban development district, where several interdependent construction projects have been initiated in sequence and in parallel in a limited geographical area. This case poses several challenges to the developers (construction clients) who are performing their projects simultaneously, and literally, as neighbours. Therefore, we zoom out from the single construction project and put the project in a wider context on a macro level, to increase the understanding of the context in which construction projects are performed. The theoretical lens of social capital helps us zoom in on the interdependencies that develop over time, going beyond traditional, contractual and vertical relationships. Based on empirical material, including interviews and meeting observations, the findings indicate that the developers have to coordinate horizontal interdependencies between projects. The findings also show that the construction client’s role has been extended from initiating and delivering the project mission to also having a collaborator role between projects, where ambidexterity is required.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2020
Keywords
horizontal interdependencies; construction client’s role; multi-project context; social capital; project ecology; ambidexterity
National Category
Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-282308 (URN)10.1080/01446193.2020.1805479 (DOI)000560864000001 ()2-s2.0-85089597818 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20201118

Available from: 2020-09-29 Created: 2020-09-29 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
4. Organisational routines in multi-project contexts: Coordinating in an urban development project ecology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Organisational routines in multi-project contexts: Coordinating in an urban development project ecology
2020 (English)In: International Journal of Project Management, ISSN 0263-7863, E-ISSN 1873-4634, Vol. 38, no 7, p. 394-404Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Project management literature have focused on either intra-organisational relationships or on vertical inter-organisational relationships. The purpose of this paper is to explore inter-project interdependencies and coordinating in multi-project contexts by using the notion of project ecologies. We adopt an organisational routines perspective to explore the coordinating practices managing those interdependencies. The empirical material underpinning our findings were collected and analysed through a case study of an urban development district, new to both the project ecology literature and the organisational routines literature. The findings highlight the existence and importance of horizontal interdependencies in project ecologies, as compared to the more commonly studied interdependencies in vertical relationships within and between projects. The need for horizontal coordinating is outside project managers’ regular focus on steering vertical relationships. Accordingly, the routines to manage the horizontal interdependencies in project ecologies are different to those in more engineered routines that are often described in project management guidelines.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2020
Keywords
Coordinating, Horizontal interdependencies, Multi-project context, Project ecology, Routines, Project management, Urban growth, Multi-projects, Ecology
National Category
Construction Management
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-274328 (URN)10.1016/j.ijproman.2020.01.003 (DOI)000594531500003 ()2-s2.0-85079158843 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200612

Available from: 2020-06-12 Created: 2020-06-12 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
5. Organizing within and between projects, space influence on performing routines
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Organizing within and between projects, space influence on performing routines
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311729 (URN)
Note

QC 20220509

Available from: 2022-05-03 Created: 2022-05-03 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
6. Self-organizing in urban development: developers coordinating between construction projects
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Self-organizing in urban development: developers coordinating between construction projects
2023 (English)In: Construction Management and Economics, ISSN 0144-6193, E-ISSN 1466-433X, p. 1-15Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Sustainable urban development districts have become an answer to the challenge of increasing urbanization while decreasing human impact on the environment. Like other domains of public administration, urban development has in recent decades moved towards heterogeneous governance. Urban development becomes project ecologies, where several construction projects are carried out in parallel and in sequence. This paper sheds light on public and private developers’ coordinating between their construction projects and the influence this has on the built environment of urban development districts. The space between projects in project ecologies is relevant to explore further to understand how the long-term goals of urban policy are achieved in practice. Through the theoretical lens of self-organizing, the discussion is informed by a qualitative study of two cases where developers built together in sustainable profiled urban development districts. The paper contributes to construction management research by illustrating how developers play a key role in finalizing the design and construction of new districts through self-organizing. In effect, new urban districts can only be realized through joint efforts and coordination amongst developers. The paper also provides policymakers with insights into how developers become key players in organizing new neighborhoods.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2023
Keywords
developers, heterogenous governance, project ecologies, self-organizing, Urban development
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311730 (URN)10.1080/01446193.2023.2181367 (DOI)000939659100001 ()2-s2.0-85149325799 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20231117

Available from: 2022-05-03 Created: 2022-05-03 Last updated: 2023-11-17Bibliographically approved

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CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf