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Public transport demand and supply management under uneven passenger distributions
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Transport planning.
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Overcrowding in public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, or transit) systems due to increased travel mobility has become a major problem for public transport operators. Overcrowded transit stations and vehicles are connected to travel time variability and greater discomfort for the passengers. Uneven passenger distributions among lines, stations, trips or even among different compartments of the vehicle (e.g. individual cars of a multi-car rail vehicle) lead to inefficient capacity utilization and magnify the negative effects of crowding. To this end, there is a need to gain a deeper understanding of passenger travel behavior and the causes of the imbalanced passenger distribution as well as improve the capacity utilization and passenger travel experience through demand and supply management strategies. 

Data-driven analysis has been conducted in Paper I to study the uneven distribution of passengers among individual cars of a transit vehicle and investigate the determinants of passengers' boarding choices. The thesis demonstrates the effect of crowding as well as the platform layout on passengers' boarding decisions for a case study to the metro network in Stockholm, Sweden. Paper I shows that in high-demand conditions passengers choose a train car making trade-offs between walking and in-vehicle crowding.

The increased understanding of passenger boarding behavior is used as the basis for proposing strategies that aim to improve capacity utilization and passenger travel experience. An existing transit assignment model is extended in Paper II to capture the effects of the uneven passenger distribution on passenger travel experience. This model is used as a tool for assessing demand and supply management strategies for case studies to the Stockholm metro network. 

Improved vehicle capacity utilization can be reached through real-time crowding information provision systems as a means of controlling passenger demand. Passenger behavioral response to crowding information concerning individual train cars is modelled. The effect of information provision systems on passengers' travel choices and the experienced discomfort is evaluated in Paper III, considering different provision schemes and level of information. Passenger travel experience improves with the provisioning of crowing information, which is a result of the improved vehicle capacity utilization.

Finally, in Paper IV skip-stop policy is evaluated as a supply-management strategy under uneven passenger distributions among transit stations. This aims to accelerate the operation and improve passenger travel experience. A rule-based planning approach is adopted to determine the stopping pattern and investigate to what extent this rule can be a proxy for simulation-based frameworks. The results reveal that this policy can improve passenger travel experience but only under certain conditions in relation to passenger distribution at the stops along the line.

Abstract [sv]

Trängsel i kollektivtrafiksystem på grund av ökad mobilitet har blivit ett stort problem för kollektivtrafikoperatörer. Överfulla stationer och fordon ger upphov till restidsvariation och större upplevt obehag för passagerarna. Ojämn fördelning av passagerarbelastning mellan linjer, stationer eller mellan olika vagnar i ett flervagnsfordon leder till ett ineffektivt utnyttjande av kapaciteten och förstärker de negativa effekterna av trängsel.

För detta ändamål finns det ett behov av att förstå passagerarnas resebeteende och orsakerna till den obalanserade passagerarfördelningen samt förbättra kapacitetsutnyttjandet och passagerarnas reseupplevelse genom strategier för efterfråge- och utbudshantering.

Datadriven analys har genomförts i Artikel I för att studera den ojämna fördelningen av passagerare mellan olika vagnar i flervagnsfordon och undersöka faktorerna bakom passagerarnas påstigningsval. Avhandlingen visar effekten av trängsel i fordon och på perronger samt av stationsdesign på passagerarnas påstigningsval i en fallstudie av tunnelbanenätet i Stockholm. Under trånga förhållandet har passagerare visat sig att välja en mindre trång vagn.

Förståelsen av passagerarnas påstigningbeteende används som grund för att föreslå strategier som syftar till att förbättra kapacitetsutnyttjandet och passagerarnas reseupplevelse. En befintlig simuleringsmodell för linjebunden kollektivtrafik utökas i Artikel II för att fånga effekterna av den ojämna passagerarfördelningen på reseupplevelsen. Denna modell används som ett verktyg för att bedöma efterfråge- och utbudshanteringsstrategier i fallstudier för tunnelbanenätet i Stockholm.

Förbättrat kapacitetsutnyttjande kan uppnås genom system för realtidsinformation om trängsel som ett sätt att styra passagerarnas resval. Passagerarnas reaktion på trängselinformation om tågvagnar modelleras i Artikel III. Effekten av trängselinformation på passagerarnas val och upplevt obehag utvärderas, med hänsyn till olika system för tillhandahållande och olika typer av information. Artikel III visar att trängselinformation förbättrar passagerarnas reseupplevelse till följd av det förbättrade fordonskapacitetsutnyttjandet.

Slutligen utvärderas skip-stop i Artikel IV som en strategi för att hantera utbudet av kollektivtrafik i situationer med ojämn passagerarfördelning mellan stationer. Detta syftar till att snabba upp trafiken, öka systemkapaciteten och förbättra reseupplevelsen. En beslutsregel formuleras för att bestämma stoppmönstret och avhandlingen undersöker om denna regel kan ersätta simuleringsmodellerna. Resultaten visar att denna policy kan förbättra passagerarnas reseupplevelse men endast under vissa förutsättningar i förhållande till passagerarfördelningen vid stationerna längs linjen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. 42
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2224
Keywords [en]
public transport, uneven passenger distribution, transit assignment model, travel behavior, control measures, crowding information, skip-stop
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science, Transport Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311982ISBN: 978-91-8040-239-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-311982DiVA, id: diva2:1657467
Public defence
2022-06-13, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH Campus, Videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68428741605, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC220511

Available from: 2022-05-11 Created: 2022-05-11 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Determinants of passengers' metro car choice revealed through automated data sources: a Stockholm case study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Determinants of passengers' metro car choice revealed through automated data sources: a Stockholm case study
2020 (English)In: Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, ISSN 2324-9935, E-ISSN 2324-9943, Vol. 16, no 3, p. 529-549Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We propose a methodology based on multiple automated data sources for evaluating the effects of station layout, arriving traveler flows, and platform and on-board crowding on the distribution of boarding passengers among individual cars of metro trains. The methodology is applied to a case study for a sequence of stations in the Stockholm metro network. The findings suggest that passengers opt for less crowded train cars in crowded situations, trading-off walking and in-vehicle crowding while waiting and riding. We find that the boarding car distribution is also affected by the locations of platform access points and the distribution of entering traveler flows. These insights may be used by transit planners and operators to increase the understanding of how passengers behave under varying crowding conditions, identify the factors that affect travelers' choice of metro car and eventually reduce experienced on-board crowding and increase the capacity utilization of the trains through investments in infrastructure or operational interventions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2020
Keywords
Public transport, crowding, load data, boarding decision, passenger distribution, metro
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-268772 (URN)10.1080/23249935.2020.1720040 (DOI)000511437800001 ()2-s2.0-85079349410 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200225

Available from: 2020-02-25 Created: 2020-02-25 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. Evaluating crowding in individual train cars using a dynamic transit assignment model
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluating crowding in individual train cars using a dynamic transit assignment model
2021 (English)In: Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics, ISSN 2168-0566, Vol. 9, no 1, p. 693-711Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

As travel demand grows in many cities around the world, overcrowding in public transport systems has become a major issue and has many negative effects for both users and operators. Measures to address on-board congestion span from large-scale strategic investments (e.g. increasing infrastructure capacity), through tactical planning (e.g. stopping pattern) to real-time operational measures (e.g. information provision, gate and escalator control). Thus there is a need to evaluate the impact of these measures prior to their implementation. To this end, this study aims at capturing the effective capacity utilization of the train, by considering passengers' distribution among individual train cars into an agent-based simulation model. The developed model is validated and applied to a case study for the Stockholm metro network. The findings suggest that an increase in peak hour demand leads to a more even passenger distribution among individual train cars, which partially counteracts the increased disutility caused by the higher passenger volumes. Interestingly, the closure of the most popular entrance point at one of the stations leads to lower train crowding unevenness at the downstream stops and consequently reduces passengers' experienced discomfort. We find that the user cost is significantly underestimated when passenger distribution among cars is not accounted for.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2021
Keywords
Public transport, transit assignment, crowding, agent-based simulation, passenger distribution
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298634 (URN)10.1080/21680566.2021.1939808 (DOI)000662247600001 ()2-s2.0-85108062349 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210710

Available from: 2021-07-10 Created: 2021-07-10 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
3. Modelling the effect of real-time crowding information (RTCI) on passenger distribution in trains
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modelling the effect of real-time crowding information (RTCI) on passenger distribution in trains
2022 (English)In: Article in journal (Other academic) Submitted
Abstract [en]

Overcrowding has become a big challenge for public transport systems, affecting passengers' travel experience. At the same time, service supply is often underutilized due to large variations in crowding across services, vehicle trips on the same service and different compartments of the same vehicle.Real-time operational measures, such as information provision, can potentially reduce on-board crowding unevenness and its negative effects. In this study, we extend a dynamic public transport simulation model to provide passengers with predictive real-time crowding information (RTCI) concerning individual train cars. Passengers utilize this information when choosing a specific train car to board. It is demonstrated through a case study for the Stockholm metro network area that in the presence of car-specific crowding information, passengers alter their car boarding choices to avoid on-board crowding, leading to a more even passenger distribution inside trains. We find that passengers' travel experience improves with the provisioning of RTCI, which is a result of the lower on-board crowding unevenness. Moreover, this improvement increases with increased demand levels but only up to a certain point beyond which passengers do not gain from switching train cars.

National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311429 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV2019/16219
Note

QC 20220616

Available from: 2022-05-04 Created: 2022-05-04 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
4. Simulation-based evaluation of skip-stop policy in urban rail transit systems based on passenger cost
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Simulation-based evaluation of skip-stop policy in urban rail transit systems based on passenger cost
2022 (English)In: Article in journal (Other academic) Submitted
Abstract [en]

Increasing the operating speed in public transport systems can increase the system capacity, reduce the overall passenger travel time and improve experienced comfort. Skip-stop operation, where subsets of the trains operating on the same tracks skip certain intermediate stops, can accelerate the service and improve passengers' overall travel experience. This paper considers the problem of deciding whether skip-stop operation is beneficial for a given line and which stopping scheme is the most effective. In particular, we investigate whether a simple decision rule for determining the skipping pattern under a skip-stop strategy, derived from the expected weighted time benefits to the passengers, can reliably determine the most suitable skip-stop scheme. To evaluate the impact of alternative stop-skipping strategies we adopt the existing public transit assignment model BusMezzo, which allows for a realistic representation of passengers' experienced waiting and in-vehicle travel times and the resulting trade-offs between passenger costs and benefits. The decision rule is applied to a set of high-frequency transit lines in Stockholm, Sweden. We show that a simple decision rule may not be a robust way of determining a beneficial skip-stop scheme. The results from the case study reveal that the skip-stop operation can have an overall positive impact on passenger travel experience but only under certain conditions at the stops along the line. 

National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311430 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV2019/16219
Note

QC 20220525

Available from: 2022-05-04 Created: 2022-05-04 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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