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Classical and Quantum Correlations in Microwave Frequency Combs
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Nanostructure Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3950-7303
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Klassiska och Kvantmekaniska Korrelationer i Mikrovågsfrekvenskammar (Swedish)
Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling undersöker korrelationer i frekvensdomänen, av både klassiskt och kvantmekaniskt ursprung, i icke-linjära mikrovågskretsar. Syftet är att utveckla en kompakt metod för att generera kvantmekaniska korrelationer mellan harmoniska oscillatorer (s.k. moder) vid olika frekvenser i mikrovågsdomänen och därigenom förvekliga kvantsammanflätning av kontinuerliga variabler. Vägen mot detta mål kräver dock utveckling av metoder för generering och mätning av mikrovågsfrekvenskammar. Därav studerar denna avhandling även oönskade frekvenskonverteringar i analoga IQ mixrar, ett fenomen oftast känt som obalanserade mixrar. Vi utnyttjar kalibreringstekniker ursprungligen avsedd för telekommindustrin, baserad på Kalmanfilter, och demonstrerar dess lämplighet för experiment med mikrovågor och supraledandekretsar. Vi använder en experimentuppställning baserad på analoga IQ mixrar för att studera klassiska korrelationer i frekvenskammar genererad av en driven icke-linjär krets som innehåller Josephson-övergångar.

I likhet med telekommindustrin, så är den kommande digitaliseringen av mikrovågsteknik en lovande utveckling för framtida experiment med supraledandekretsar. Denna avhandling utnyttjar en ny digital plattform för mätningar i mikrovågsdomänen, som är kapabel till att syntetisera samt mäta signalsvar vid flera kammfrekvenser och tillåter oss att undvara analoga frekvenskonverterare som IQ mixrar. Vi använder den digitala mikrovågsplattformen för att detektera sammanflätade Gaussiska foton- och fononsystem. Kraften hos platformen demonstreras genom att mäta kovariansmatrisen mellan64 moder, eller frekvenser. Genom att använda sammanflätningskriterier för flerdeladesystem (dvs. system som består av fler än två moder), presenterar vi bevis för sju kvantmekanisktfullt oskiljbara fotonmoder och fyra kvantmekaniskt fullt oskiljbara fononmoder. Potentiellt kan vår metod generera kvantsammanflätning mellan betydligt flermoder, men sammanflätningskriteriernas snabbt ökande komplexitet med antalet moderförsvårar analysen. Ett ytterligare hinder är bruset vår mikrovågsförstärkare adderar.

Överlag demonstrerar vårt arbete möjligheten att generera resurser för kvantinformation med kontinuerliga variabler i en kompakt enhet och med digitala kontrollsystem. Denna avhandling utgör därmed ett steg mot användandet av mikrovågsfrekvenskammar för s.k. enkelriktad kvantinformation. Andra tillämpningar inkluderar karaktärisering av icke-linjära system, kvantsimuleringar och ‘reservoir computing’. Vi drar därmed slutsatsen att mikrovågsfrekvenskammar är ett lovande verktyg för kvantteknik med supraledandekretsar.

Abstract [en]

This thesis investigates frequency-domain correlations, both classical and quantum, in nonlinear microwave circuits. The goal is to establish a compact method for generating quantum correlations between harmonic oscillators (modes) at different frequencies in the microwave domain, thus realizing quantum entanglement in a continuous variable system. En route to this goal we need to develop methods to generate and measure microwave frequency combs. Hence this work also includes a study of undesirable frequency mixing effects in analog IQ mixers, commonly known as mixer imbalance. We use mitigating methods originally developed for telecommunications applications, based on Kalman filters, and demonstrate their suitability for microwave experiments with superconducting circuits. We use the experimental setup based on analog IQ mixers to study classical correlations in frequency combs generated by driving a nonlinear Josephson junction circuit.

Similarly to the telecommunication industry, the advent of fully digital microwave methods present a significant advance in experiments with superconducting circuits. This thesis uses a new all-digital microwave platform, which is capable of synthesizing and measuring response at multiple comb frequencies with all frequencies being phase-coherent to a single reference and enable us to dispense with analog frequency converters such as IQ mixers. We use this digital microwave system to detect photonic and phononic Gaussian multipartite entanglement. The power of the platform is demonstrated by measuring a covariance matrix of 64 modes, or frequencies. Using multipartite entanglement criteria we present evidence of seven fully inseparable itinerant photon modes and four fully inseparable phononic modes. While it is possible to generate entanglement between many more modes, it becomes increasingly difficult to perform entanglement tests as the number of modes become larger. Another impediment is the added noise of the microwave amplifiers used in this thesis.

Our work nevertheless demonstrates the possibility to generate resources for continuous variable quantum information processing in very a compact device with a fully programmable digital control system. This thesis therefore represents a step toward the use of microwave frequency combs for one-way quantum information processing. Other applications include nonlinear characterization, quantum simulations and reservoir computing. We can therefore conclude that microwave frequency combs are a promising tool for quantum engineering with superconducting circuits.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. 104
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2022:23
Keywords [en]
Josephson junctions, parametric amplifiers, multipartite entanglement, microwaves, frequency comb, Gaussian states, bichromatic pump, surface acoustic waves, IQ mixer, fully inseparable states, superconducting circuits, hybrid circuits, intermodulation, nonlinear resonators
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Research subject
Physics, Material and Nano Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312143ISBN: 978-91-8040-258-3 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-312143DiVA, id: diva2:1657925
Public defence
2022-06-10, 4205, Albano Hus 3, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, Stockholm, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 220513

Available from: 2022-05-13 Created: 2022-05-12 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A general characterization method for nonlinearities in superconducting circuits
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A general characterization method for nonlinearities in superconducting circuits
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2019 (English)In: New Journal of Physics, E-ISSN 1367-2630, Vol. 21, article id 053018Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Detailed knowledge of nonlinearity in superconducting microwave circuits is required for the optimal control of their quantum state. We present a general method to precisely characterize this nonlinearity to very high order. Our method is based on intermodulation spectroscopy at microwave frequencies and does not require DC-connection or DC-measurement of an on-chip reference structure. We give a theoretical derivation of the method and we validate it by reconstructing a known nonlinearity from simulated data. We experimentally demonstrate the reconstruction of the unknown nonlinear current-phase relation of a microwave resonator with superconducting nanowires.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2019
Keywords
intermodulation, superconducting circuits, nonlinearity, current-phase relation, parametric amplifier
National Category
Physical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252610 (URN)10.1088/1367-2630/ab175a (DOI)000467473500009 ()2-s2.0-85069534944 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190603

Available from: 2019-06-03 Created: 2019-06-03 Last updated: 2024-01-17Bibliographically approved
2. Calibration of mixer amplitude and phase imbalance in superconducting circuits
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Calibration of mixer amplitude and phase imbalance in superconducting circuits
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2020 (English)In: Review of Scientific Instruments, ISSN 0034-6748, E-ISSN 1089-7623, Vol. 91, no 12, article id 124707Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

An important device for modulation and frequency translation in the field of circuit quantum electrodynamics is the in-phase and quadrature mixer, an analog component for which calibration is necessary to achieve optimal performance. In this paper, we introduce techniques originally developed for wireless communication applications to calibrate upconversion and downconversion mixers. A Kalman filter together with a controllable carrier frequency offset calibrates both mixers without removing them from the embedding measurement infrastructure. These techniques can be embedded into room temperature control electronics and hopefully find widespread use as circuit quantum electrodynamics devices continue to grow in complexity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
AIP Publishing, 2020
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289322 (URN)10.1063/5.0025836 (DOI)000604135700001 ()33379953 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85099243359 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210125

Available from: 2021-01-25 Created: 2021-01-25 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
3. Squeezing and Multimode Entanglement of Surface Acoustic Wave Phonons
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Squeezing and Multimode Entanglement of Surface Acoustic Wave Phonons
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2022 (English)In: PRX Quantum, E-ISSN 2691-3399, Vol. 3, no 1, article id 010312Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Exploiting multiple modes in a quantum acoustic device could enable applications in quantum information in a hardware-efficient setup, including quantum simulation in a synthetic dimension and continuous-variable quantum computing with cluster states. We develop a multimode surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) integrated in one of the Bragg reflectors. The interaction with the SQUID-shunted mirror gives rise to coupling between the more than 20 accessible resonator modes. We exploit this coupling to demonstrate two-mode squeezing of SAW phonons, as well as four-mode multipartite entanglement. Our results open avenues for continuous-variable quantum computing in a compact hybrid quantum system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Physical Society (APS), 2022
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Research subject
Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312139 (URN)10.1103/prxquantum.3.010312 (DOI)000800570500001 ()2-s2.0-85126589271 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationSwedish Research Council
Note

QC 20220530

Available from: 2022-05-12 Created: 2022-05-12 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
4. Multipartite entanglement in a microwave frequency comb
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multipartite entanglement in a microwave frequency comb
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Significant progress has been made with multipartite entanglement of discrete qubits, but continuous variable systems may provide a more scalable path toward entanglement of large ensembles. We demonstrate multipartite entanglement in a microwave frequency comb generated by a Josephson parametric amplifier subject to a bichromatic pump. We find 64 correlated modes in the transmission line using a multifrequency digital signal processing platform. Full inseparability is verified in a subset of seven modes. Our method can be expanded to generate even more entangled modes in the near future. 

Keywords
Josephson junctions, parametric amplifiers, multipartite entanglement, microwave, frequency comb, Gaussian states, bichromatic pump
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312142 (URN)10.48550/arXiv.2112.12105 (DOI)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Available from: 2022-05-12 Created: 2022-05-12 Last updated: 2023-12-22Bibliographically approved

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