kth.sePublications KTH
System disruptions
There are recurring service disruptions on some of the search portals due to high traffic. We are working to resolve the issue, you may temporarily encounter an error message.
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Exploiting over-actuation for improved active safety of autonomous electric vehicles
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics, Vehicle Dynamics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4504-6059
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The increasing demand for road vehicles has led to challenging road safety and environmental issues. The deployment of active safety systems and autonomous vehicles can contribute to safer roads by assisting or replacing human drivers in the task of maintaining vehicle control in critical conditions: e.g., an obstacle-avoidance manoeuvre. Road vehicle electrification can bring about environmental benefits and at the same time enable the development of over-actuated vehicle platforms. Over-actuation can be explored together with active safety and automated driving systems in order to enhance vehicle safety. On the other hand, to achieve their best possible performance, such safety and automated systems require the knowledge of vehicle states such as sideslip angle as well as reliable trajectories. However, measuring such crucial states can be overly expensive on production vehicles.

The studies presented in this thesis aim to explore how over-actuation can improve path-following and yaw-stability performance of autonomous electric vehicles in critical manoeuvres and investigate the associated state estimation and trajectory planning problems.

To achieve these goals, this thesis focuses on five aspects. First, it explores vehicle dynamics modelling by introducing vehicle and tyre models of various levels of complexity. In particular, the camber effect on lateral tyre forces was modelled using a simple, yet effective, component, which allows for individual camber control of each wheel. Second, it addresses the state estimation problem by designing and evaluating three moving horizon estimation (MHE) based estimators and an unscented Kalman filter. The evaluation in three critical manoeuvres showed that the estimator MHE outperformed the other algorithms, with improved convergence rate, accuracy and response to external disturbances and modelling errors, due to its consideration of a sequence of most recent measurements and process noises. Third, trajectory planning is studied through optimal control formulations and by examining the effect of model complexity in critical driving scenarios. It was shown that the advanced double-track planner with load transfer and the Magic Formula tyre model was desired to achieve more consistent trajectory planning and tracking performance as well as smaller peak yaw rate and sideslip angle. Fourth, the path following and yaw stability problem is tackled in the model predictive control framework and by exploring various over-actuation configurations -- active front steering (AFS), torque vectoring (TV) and active camber (AC). The results in safety-critical conditions showed that AFS + TV improved yaw stability, path following and passing velocity compared to AFS, and AFS + AC performed better than AFS + TV. The integrated control of AFS + TV + AC further enhanced vehicle safety and was more robust to reference trajectory variations, as a result of its more effective actuator and tyre utilisation. Finally, this work details the framework for optimal control implementation, which facilitates efficient computing, smooth parameter tuning and results analysis, as well as sustainable code development.

The research presented in this thesis has contributed to the modelling, formulation and control of autonomous electric vehicles by exploiting over-actuation for enhanced vehicle safety. It has been shown that over-actuation control strategies can be a promising solution for improving active safety, and thus they contribute to a safer and more sustainable future transport.

Abstract [sv]

Den ökande efterfrågan på vägfordon har orsakat utmanande trafiksäkerhets- och miljöutmaningar. Introduktionen av aktiva säkerhetssystem och autonoma fordon kan bidra till säkrare vägar genom att hjälpa eller ersätta mänskliga förare med att köra fordonet i kritiska situationer, t.ex. en undanmanöver. Dessutom kan elektrifieringen av vägfordon ge miljövinster och samtidigt möjliggöra utvecklingen av överaktuerade fordonsplattformar. Med tillgång till ökat antal aktuatorer ger det fler frihetsgrader för att styra fordonet. Detta kan utforskas tillsammans med aktiv säkerhet och autonoma fordon för att öka säkerheten. Men för att uppvisa sin bästa möjliga prestanda, kräver dessa säkerhets- och automatiserade system kunskap om fordonstillstånd och tillförlitliga fordonstrajektorier. Däremot kan kritiska fordonstillstånd som exempelvis fordonets avdriftsvinkel oftast inte mätas i produktionsfordon eftersom sensorerna är väldigt kostsamma.

Studierna som presenteras i denna avhandling syftar till att utnyttja överaktuering för att förbättra trajektorieföljning och girstabilitet hos autonoma elfordon i kritiska manövrar. Dessutom undersöks tillhörande problem med tillståndsuppskattning och trajektorieplanering.

För att nå dessa mål så handlar arbetet i denna avhandling om följande fem huvudområden. Första området handlar om fordonsdynamikmodellering och både fordons- och däckmodeller med varierande grad av komplexitet utforskas och valideras. Specifikt modelleras effekten av camber på de laterala däckkrafterna med en enkel men dock effektiv komponent som möjliggör individuell reglering av cambervinklarna för varje hjul. Det andra området belyser parameterskattning där tre MHE baserade algoritmer och en UKF baserad algoritm tas fram och utvärderas. Studien visade för tre olika kritiska körfall att standardformuleringen av MHE fungerade bättre än de andra algoritmerna och gav mer korrekta och feltoleranta skattningar med snabbare konvergering. I det tredje området så formuleras trajektorieplanering som ett optimalt reglerproblem och effekten av modellkomplexitet på trajektorieplaneringsförmågan i kritiska körfall studeras. Här visades det att planeraren med de mest avancerade modellerna presterade bättre än de andra genom högre fordonshastighet samt lägre girvinkelhastighet och avdriftsvinkel i testerna. Fjärde området handlar om trajektorieföljning och girstabilitet i ett modellprediktivt reglerramverk. Här utvärderas flera kombinationer av överaktuering, nämligen aktiv styrning (AFS), vridmomentsvektorisering (TV) och aktiv camber (AC) samt kombinationer av dem. Resultaten visar att AFS tillsammans med TV förbättrar girstabilitet, trajektorieföljning och dynamiska prestandan i testerna och att AFS i kombination med AC kunde ytterligare förbättra prestandan. Den integrerade regleringen av AFS tillsammans med TV och AC hade generellt sett den bästa prestandan, som ett resultat av mer effektivt utnyttjande av aktuatorer och däckgrepp. Slutliga området handlar om implementering av ett ramverk för regleroptimeringen som möjliggör effektiva beräkningar, underlättar parameterjusteringar och resultatanalys samt bidrar till hållbar kodutveckling.

Forskningen har bidragit till modellering, formulering och reglering av autonoma elektriska fordon genom att dra nytta av överaktuering för förbättrad fordonssäkerhet. Det har visats att reglerstrategier för överaktuering kan vara en lovande lösning för förbättrad aktiv säkerhet och därmed bidra till säkrare och miljövänligare transporter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. 73
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2022:15
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312156ISBN: 978-91-8040-219-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-312156DiVA, id: diva2:1658053
Public defence
2022-06-13, Sal E3, Osquars backe 14, KTH, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20220513

Available from: 2022-05-13 Created: 2022-05-13 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Advanced Vehicle State Monitoring: Evaluating Moving Horizon Estimators and Unscented Kalman Filter
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Advanced Vehicle State Monitoring: Evaluating Moving Horizon Estimators and Unscented Kalman Filter
Show others...
2019 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, ISSN 0018-9545, E-ISSN 1939-9359, Vol. 68, no 6, p. 5430-5442, article id 8682143Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Active safety systems must be used to manipulate the dynamics of autonomous vehicles to ensure safety. To this end, accurate vehicle information, such as the longitudinal and lateral velocities, is crucial. Measuring these states, however, can be expensive, and the measurements can be polluted by noise. The available solutions often resort to Bayesian filters such as the Kalman filter, but can be vulnerable and erroneous when the underlying assumptions do not hold. With its clear merits in handling nonlinearities and uncertainties, moving horizon estimation (MHE) can potentially solve the problem and is thus studied for vehicle state estimation. This paper designs an unscented Kalman filter, standard MHE, modified MHE and recursive least squares MHE to estimate critical vehicle states, respectively. All the estimators are formulated based upon a highly nonlinear vehicle model that is shown to be locally observable. The convergence rate, accuracy and robustness of the four estimation algorithms are comprehensively characterised and compared under three different driving manoeuvres. For MHE-based algorithms, the effects of horizon length and optimisation techniques on the computational efficiency and accuracy are also investigated.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2019
Keywords
Tires, Computational modeling, Wheels, Kalman filters, Adaptation models, State estimation
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering; SRA - Transport
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-249386 (URN)10.1109/TVT.2019.2909590 (DOI)000472563200020 ()2-s2.0-85067814058 (Scopus ID)
Funder
TrenOp, Transport Research Environment with Novel Perspectives
Note

QC 20220331

Available from: 2019-04-11 Created: 2019-04-11 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
2. Active camber for enhancing path following and yaw stability of over-actuated autonomous electric vehicles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Active camber for enhancing path following and yaw stability of over-actuated autonomous electric vehicles
2021 (English)In: Vehicle System Dynamics, ISSN 0042-3114, E-ISSN 1744-5159, Vol. 59, no 5, p. 800-821Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Active safety systems contribute significantly to the safe driving of autonomous vehicles in hazardous circumstances. However, conventional active safety systems that mainly depend on braking intervention may not yield the desired vehicle behaviour in critical situations where the tyre forces tend to saturate. Over-actuation through individually cambering the wheels provides a possibility of overcoming this difficulty, as extra lateral tyre forces can potentially be produced. This paper presents active camber for improving the path following and yaw stability performance of over-actuated autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs). With a modified Dugoff tyre model, the camber effect on the lateral tyre force is modelled as an effective linear component. The modified tyre model, together with a double-track vehicle model, is utilised for active camber of the AEVs. The camber controller is developed in the framework of model predictive control (MPC), including both actuator- and safety-related constraints. The camber controller is investigated at different camber rates and road friction levels, in terms of path following, yaw stability and vehicle velocity gain.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2021
Keywords
Active camber, model predictive control, path following, yaw stability, over-actuation, autonomous vehicle, camber rate, electric vehicle
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering; SRA - Transport
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-269052 (URN)10.1080/00423114.2020.1723653 (DOI)000514950100001 ()2-s2.0-85079751121 (Scopus ID)
Funder
TrenOp, Transport Research Environment with Novel Perspectives
Note

QC 20250318

Available from: 2020-02-29 Created: 2020-02-29 Last updated: 2025-03-18Bibliographically approved
3. Evaluating Model Predictive Path Following and Yaw Stability Controllers for Over-Actuated Autonomous Electric Vehicles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluating Model Predictive Path Following and Yaw Stability Controllers for Over-Actuated Autonomous Electric Vehicles
2020 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, ISSN 0018-9545, E-ISSN 1939-9359, Vol. 69, no 11, p. 12807-12821Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Active safety systems are of significant importance for autonomous vehicles operating in safety-critical situations like an obstacle-avoidance manoeuvre with high vehicle speed or poor road condition. However, a conventional electronic stability control system, may not always yield desired path following and yaw stability performance in such circumstances merely through brake intervention. This paper pursues a detailed investigation on utilising model predictive control (MPC) and torque vectoring for path following and yaw stability control of over-actuated autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs) in dangerous double lane change manoeuvre. The control problem of the AEV is formulated based on MPC by utilising active front steering and torque vectoring, and constraints are imposed explicitly on yaw rate and sideslip angle to ensure yaw stability. Four MPC-based controllers are designed based on double-track vehicle models. Specifically, they include two one-level controllers, i.e. one with torque vectoring and one with equal torque allocation, and two two-level controllers, i.e. one with optimisation-based torque allocation and one with rule-based allocation. These controllers are assessed extensively, with respect to passing velocity, tracking accuracy, tyre utilisation and robustness. The effect of horizon length on the control performance and computational efficiency is also investigated.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC, 2020
Keywords
Tires, Wheels, Torque, Stability analysis, Resource management, Mathematical model, Electric vehicles, Model predictive control, yaw stability, torque vectoring, over-actuation, autonomous driving
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287818 (URN)10.1109/TVT.2020.3030863 (DOI)000589638700035 ()2-s2.0-85096223558 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210126

Available from: 2021-01-26 Created: 2021-01-26 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
4. Exploring model complexity for trajectory planning of autonomous vehicles in critical driving scenarios
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring model complexity for trajectory planning of autonomous vehicles in critical driving scenarios
Show others...
2022 (English)In: Advances in Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks II: Proceedings of the 27th Symposium of the International Association of Vehicle System Dynamics, IAVSD 2021, August 17–19, 2021, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Springer, 2022, p. 1154-1165Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Trajectory planning is a crucial component of autonomous driving systems. However, using simple vehicle models for trajectory planning may result in unrealistic reference trajectories, especially in critical driving conditions, endangering the safe driving of autonomous vehicles. This study explores the effect of model complexity on the trajectory planning performance of autonomous vehicles in critical driving scenarios. Five trajectory planners of various levels of model complexity, including Planner STK (single-track kinematic model), Planner STDL (single-track dynamic vehicle model with a linear tyre model), Planner STD (single-track dynamic vehicle model with a simplified Pacejka tyre model), Planner DTB (double-track vehicle model with the brush tyre model), and Planner DTMlt (double-track vehicle model with load transfer consideration and the Pacejka tyre model), are designed. The trajectory planners are formulated as optimal control problems, where constraints for obstacle avoidance, yaw stability and the physical limits on vehicle actuators are explicitly considered. These planners are assessed in two severe driving manoeuvres, i.e. the double-lane change and single-lane change manoeuvres. Results indicate that Planner DTMlt outperforms DTB with higher passing velocity as well as smaller peak yaw rate and sideslip angle, and that Planners STD, STDL and STK are not suitable for use in these critical driving scenarios.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2022
Series
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, ISSN 2195-4364
Keywords
Model complexity, trajectory planning, autonomous vehicle, critical driving
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering; SRA - Transport
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-269053 (URN)10.1007/978-3-031-07305-2_107 (DOI)2-s2.0-85136922251 (Scopus ID)
Conference
Advances in Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks 2021 (IAVSD 2021), St. Petersburg State Transport University in Saint-Petersburg, Russia, August 16-20, 2021.
Funder
TrenOp, Transport Research Environment with Novel Perspectives
Note

QC 20220318

Part of proceedings: ISBN 978-3-031-07305-2, 978-3-031-07304-5

Available from: 2020-02-29 Created: 2022-03-03 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
5. Integrated control of motion actuators for enhancing path following and yaw stability of over-actuated autonomous vehicles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Integrated control of motion actuators for enhancing path following and yaw stability of over-actuated autonomous vehicles
2023 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 16, no 12Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Advanced active safety systems play a crucial role in ensuring the safe driving of vehicles in critical conditions such as an obstacle avoidance manoeuvre. However, conventional techniques relying mainly on braking interventions may not result in the desired vehicle response in such situations. Over-actuation through the control of individual motion actuators could potentially improve the safety performance of vehicles. This study evaluates various configurations of motion actuators for path following and yaw stability control of vehicles in critical driving scenarios. The configurations include active front steering (S), active front steering + torque vectoring (ST), active front steering + active camber (SC) and active front steering + torque vectoring + active camber (STC). The evaluation is achieved based on a nonlinear model predictive control formulation, which considers yaw stability and the physical limits of motion actuators. This problem formulation uses a double-track vehicle model, combined with the Dugoff tyre model and its variant with the camber effect, to model the vehicle dynamics. The actuator configurations are evaluated regarding the passing velocity, tracking accuracy, safety distance and robustness to reference trajectory variation. The results indicate that the integrated control of STC performs the best among all the four configurations while S performs the worst. Furthermore, SC is generally superior to ST.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2023
Keywords
Integrated control, yaw stability, path following, over-actuation, nonlinear model predictive control, autonomous vehicle, electric vehicle
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering; SRA - Transport
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311845 (URN)10.3390/en16124776 (DOI)001017012600001 ()2-s2.0-85163853607 (Scopus ID)
Funder
TrenOp, Transport Research Environment with Novel Perspectives
Note

QC 20220523

Available from: 2022-05-04 Created: 2022-05-04 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(2867 kB)494 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT04.pdfFile size 2867 kBChecksum SHA-512
53186f7192fe1da92f97d275a2cd49e241b4fccfc66fb1bc1592e4803a2047c8b320d7f5b035a84b798502b73e20c64056790ab9acca40770c8acbb1059cfee6
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Zhang, Wenliang
By organisation
Vehicle Dynamics
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 509 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

isbn
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

isbn
urn-nbn
Total: 1419 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf