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Orchestrating Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Human Centered Technology, Media Technology and Interaction Design, MID.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6508-4127
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Systems for Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) are shaping the future of therapy of anxiety disorders, especially at a time when we are seeing an increase in virtual meetings in almost every context in life. Exposure therapy is an established therapy method in the treatment of anxiety disorders. In the context of exposure therapy, a rich set of tools are available for helping therapists conduct therapy tailored to a patient’s needs. Typically, the therapist guides the patient through a feared experience in a real context and/or with an object.

In-virtuo exposure has several benefits compared to in-vivo exposures, for example, the possibility of controlling the stimuli and context of the exposure. To be able to conduct in-virtuo exposure, therapists need effective, versatile, and usable VRET systems.

My research aims to investigate the use of virtual reality in exposure therapy in order to explore, identify and propose how the design of VRET systems can be improved to better support in-virtuo exposure therapy in therapeutic practice outside of research. Many VRET systems are designed and built explicitly for research settings and purposes. Therefore, the systems do not fulfill needs for real therapeutic practice where most patients are being treated.

Four strands of research emerged in this thesis work. First, the understanding of the full therapy process beyond the exposure sessions, where VRET systems have the potential to be used beyond exposures. Second, I see therapists playing a critical role during the therapy process, which should be reflected in the design. Third, emerging from the central role of therapists, I studied VRET systems that empower therapists to prepare and orchestrate exposure sessions. Fourth, I examined the role of designers and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) in creating these systems, which I see as important and underrepresented. 

Unlike other research, my work is mainly therapist-oriented with emphasis on the potential needs in therapeutic practice, which led to conclusions regarding further possible applications and implications for the design of VRET systems. By investigating different aspects of exposure therapy, my work has resulted in a new view on VRET systems.

Abstract [sv]

Exponeringsterapi men hjälp av system baserade på virtuell verklighet (VRET) kan vara en viktig komponent i framtidens terapi av ångestsyndrom. Inom den etablera metoden exponeringsterapi finns en rik uppsättning verktyg tillgängliga för att hjälpa terapeuter att skräddarsy terapi efter en patients behov. Typiskt vägleder terapeuten patienten genom en fruktad upplevelse i ett verkligt sammanhang. Det handlar ofta om att patienten har problem i olika miljöer eller situationer.

Virtuell exponering har flera fördelar jämfört med så kallad in-vivo exponering, till exempel genom att det möjliggör att kontrollera stimuli och sammanhang, men också att det kan genomföras på klinik. Men för att faktiskt kunna bedriva virtuell exponering behöver terapeuter effektiva, mångsidiga och användbara virtuella exponeringsbehandlingssystem.

Under mina studier har jag mött terapeuter som uttryckte oro angående den upplevda användbarheten av virtuella exponeringsbehandlingssystem. Trots dessa fahågor tyder mina resultat på att terapeuter har en övergripande positiv inställning till virtuell exponeringsbehandling.

Min forskning syftar till att undersöka användningen av virtuell verklighet i exponeringsterapi för att utforska, identifiera och föreslå hur utformningen av virtuella exponeringsbehandlingssystem kan förbättras för att stödja användning i terapeutisk praktik. Många virtuella exponeringsbehandlingssystem är idag designade och byggda explicit för forskningssyften. Därför uppfyller inte dessa system de behov som faktiskt föreligger i terapeutisk praktik, där patienter behandlas.

Inom ramen för den här avhandlingen ser jag fyra olika bidrag. För det första har jag bidragit till ökad förståelsen för hur virtuella exponeringsbehandlingssystem kan behöva användas och designas för användning inom hela terapiprocessen. För det andra har jag belyst viktiga detaljer i terapeutens roll under terapiprocessen, vilket på olika sätt bör stödjas av systemet. För det tredje, med utgångspunkt från terapeuternas centrala roll, pekar jag på att terapeuten måste kunna förbereda och orkestrera exponeringssessioner. För det fjärde, pekar jag på designers och forskares (inom främst människa-datorinteraktion) viktiga roll i att skapa dessa system. Dessa roller och professioner är idag underrepresenterade in VRET området.

Till skillnad från annan VRET forskning är mitt arbete huvudsakligen terapeutorienterat med tonvikt på de potentiella behoven i terapeutisk praktik, vilket ledde till slutsatser kring tillämpningar och implikationer för design av virtuella exponeringsbehandlingssystem. Genom att undersöka olika aspekter av exponeringsterapi resulterade mitt arbete i en ny och bredare syn på virtuella exponeringsbehandlingssystem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. 92
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2022:35
Keywords [en]
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy, Virtual Reality, Human-Computer Interaction, Mental Health
National Category
Other Engineering and Technologies
Research subject
Education and Communication in the Technological Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312747ISBN: 978-91-8040-236-1 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-312747DiVA, id: diva2:1659828
Public defence
2022-06-13, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69325748282, U1, Brinellvägen 26, Stockholm, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20220524

Available from: 2022-05-24 Created: 2022-05-22 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Reality-System with integrated Tracking of Extremities under the Aspect of Acrophobia
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Reality-System with integrated Tracking of Extremities under the Aspect of Acrophobia
2015 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

With the help of a Virtual Reality-System (VRsystem) an exposure therapy can be done comfortably within the usual treatment room of the psychologist. The presented Acrophobia Therapy with Virtual Reality (AcTiVity-System) is constructed to be such a treatment instrument. Due to the integration of an avatar and the use of the Oculus Rift it positively differs from common VR system. In an evaluation with42 subjects the effect of the integrated avatar on the individual’s presence was explored. Therefore two groups were formed with 21 persons each. In the first group the subjects were lead througha virtual height scenario with the avatar, while the second group experienced the same scenario without this feature. Further, the suitability of the AcTiVity-System as a treatment system was investigated. T-Tests showed that the avatar’s influence on thebehavior of the participants was significant. To control the systemthe subject was given an input device but participants in the group with the avatar enabled tried subconsciously to control the system through physical interaction with their bodies. Furthermore the comparison with other VR systems showed that participants inour study with the AcTiVity-System scored significantly.

National Category
Other Engineering and Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244031 (URN)10.1109/IntelliSys.2015.7361173 (DOI)000378642300054 ()2-s2.0-84962749273 (Scopus ID)978-1-4673-7606-8 (ISBN)
Conference
SAI Intelligent Systems Conference
Note

QC 20190215

Available from: 2019-02-13 Created: 2019-02-13 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
2. Next Generation Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Systems: a Study exploring Design Implications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Next Generation Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Systems: a Study exploring Design Implications
Show others...
2018 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) isbecoming increasingly established, but existing VR systemsare expensive and designed for researchers, not for routinepsychotherapeutic services. Therefore, the existing systems donot take the needs of the prospective users - psychotherapistsand patients - into account. The recent breakthrough inVR technology offers new opportunities for the design ofVRET-systems especially for outpatient settings. This projectexamined the current practice of exposure therapy. Therefore,we conducted an online-questionnaire (N=58 responses) as firstphase. In the second phase, we observed therapy sessions,reviewed literature and interviewed psychotherapists. Therefore,we could deduce implications to design state-of-the-art VRETsystems. In this paper, we focus on general implications that arenot system- or scenario-specific.

National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244032 (URN)
Conference
9th International Conference on Intelligent Systems 2018
Note

QC 20190214

Available from: 2019-02-13 Created: 2019-02-13 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
3. Rich Interactions in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy: A Pilot-Study evaluating a System for Presentation Training
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rich Interactions in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy: A Pilot-Study evaluating a System for Presentation Training
2019 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA) or discomfort while speaking in public is wide spread cognitive disorder. The training of presentations can lower this phobic feelings and helps the trainees to improve his performance while presenting. To plan and organize an exercise in front of an audience takes a lot of effort in recruiting and planing audience behave in a foreseeable way. Virtual Reality (VR) offers the possibility to generate the audiences that can be controlled by an orchestrator according to his therapy plan. This paper explores a system that enables the therapists to interact with the immersed presenter. For evaluation, we conducted a study that contains 24 participants in two groups. Our results indicate that the direct verbal interaction between an orchestrator outside the VR and an immersed presenter are enhancing the presenter’s experience.

National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244034 (URN)
Conference
International Conference on Healthcare Informatics
Note

QC 20190214

Available from: 2019-02-13 Created: 2019-02-13 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
4. Continuous Interaction for a Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy System
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Continuous Interaction for a Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy System
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2020 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In exposure therapy and virtual reality exposure therapy, therapists face highly individual patients that have individual conditions. This leads to the challenge of individualized therapy, for which virtual reality systems need to account for. This paper investigates a prototype that allows a flexible therapy of public speaking anxiety using live-interactions from a therapist, which contain transitions from 2D to 3D interactions. Therapists are able to embody an avatar in the patient's virtual audience on purpose. We oriented our design at continuous interactions in the three dimensions: cognitive, perceptual, and functional continuity. We evaluated whether the design is beneficial for the users. For this evaluation, we conducted a study with eight non-therapist participants to assess the general usability and design aspects of continuous interaction. Our results indicate that using continuous interactions is beneficial for the use in this kind of system. For the design, we need to find ways to balance the cognitive load with the opportunities that arise, especially when these systems are scaling bigger.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2020
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284074 (URN)10.1109/ICHI48887.2020.9374379 (DOI)000865468500024 ()2-s2.0-85095836648 (Scopus ID)
Conference
8th IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics
Note

QC 20201021

Available from: 2020-10-14 Created: 2020-10-14 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
5. New Perspectives on Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy: A Qualitative Study Exploring Orchestration in the Process of Exposure Therapy
Open this publication in new window or tab >>New Perspectives on Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy: A Qualitative Study Exploring Orchestration in the Process of Exposure Therapy
2022 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Other Engineering and Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312746 (URN)
Conference
NordiCHI
Note

QC 20220530

Available from: 2022-05-22 Created: 2022-05-22 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved

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