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Characterization of Internal Diesel Injector Deposits from Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Scania CV AB R&D Materials Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7332-0238
Scania CV AB R&D Materials Technology.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9483-7992
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7460-4232
2021 (English)In: SAE Technical Papers, SAE International , 2021, no 2021, article id 2021-24-0062Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Sustainable fuels can help to decrease carbon dioxide emissions in road transportation compared to standard fossil fuels. The most common sustainable fuels used today in heavy-duty applications are biodiesel and hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO). Biodiesel and HVO are known as drop-in fuels since they are fuels that can be blended with standard diesel. However, due to changes in the chemical properties when the fuels are mixed, solubility problems in terms of precipitates may be formed. These insolubilities can lead to deposits in the fuel system, e.g., blocked fuel filters and internal injector deposits, and thus driveability problems. This study is a part of a project where the goal is to study the processes that cause the formation of deposits inside the injectors in heavy-duty vehicles. The deposits inside the injectors are known as internal diesel injector deposits (IDID). To study the formation of IDID, a number of injectors from heavy duty vehicles were collected from two different European markets: one market that uses biodiesel fuel and another that uses HVO as a drop-in fuel. A technique not previously used to identify IDID, namely pyrolysis GC-MS, proved successful in this regard, and FTIR and SEM-EDX methods were also used to characterise the deposits. The results showed that the composition of the IDID s from different markets differed. Metal soaps, inorganic salts and nitrogen compounds were found in the deposits taken from the injectors in the biodiesel drop-in market. The source of these components is believed to be degradation and contamination of the biodiesel. In addition, fuel additives such as corrosion inhibitors and detergents were found in the injectors from the market using HVO as a drop-in fuel. This could imply that the poor solvency of HVO can give problems in some additive combinations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAE International , 2021. no 2021, article id 2021-24-0062
Keywords [en]
Biodiesel, Carbon dioxide, Commerce, Corrosion, Deposits, Diesel engines, Fossil fuels, Global warming, Soaps (detergents), Bio-diesel fuel, Carbon dioxide emissions, Diesel injectors, Driveability, European markets, Heavy duty, Heavy duty vehicles, Pyrolysis-gc-ms, Road transportation, Sustainable fuels, Drops
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312943DOI: 10.4271/2021-24-0062Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85117924876OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-312943DiVA, id: diva2:1661819
Conference
SAE 15th International Conference on Engines and Vehicles, ICE 2021, 12 September 2021 through 16 September 2021
Note

QC 20220530

Available from: 2022-05-30 Created: 2022-05-30 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Internal Diesel Injector Deposits: Characterization, formation mechanisms, and replication
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Internal Diesel Injector Deposits: Characterization, formation mechanisms, and replication
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

 Heavy-duty transportation is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. One way to reduce CO2 emissions from this sector is through the use of drop-in fuels, where alternative fuels are used directly or blended with conventional fuels. However, these blends can have solubility issues, leading to precipitation of soft particles, resulting in clogged fuel filters, and disrupt injector performance, thereby reducing engine efficiency and increasing fuel consumption. As advanced fuel systems are introduced and blending proportions of alternative fuels rise to meet stricter environmental regulations, these challenges are likely to become more prevalent. Therefore, research in this area is essential, as the use of drop-in fuels is expected to grow and the associated problems are anticipated to become more common. This thesis investigates the formation of internal diesel injector deposits (IDIDs) from drop-in fuels and proposes mechanisms for their formation. The research involved characterizing deposits from field injectors and developing experimental methods to generate deposits under controlled conditions. Two experimental methods were designed for deposit generation, along with a standardized methodology for characterizing both field and laboratory-generated IDIDs. Insights from field injector analyses guided the design of test fuel blends and experiments using these new methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the composition of IDIDs varies based on the type of fuel used. Deposits from fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesel blends mainly consist of metal soaps, inorganic salts, and nitrogen compounds, likely from biodiesel degradation. In contrast,paraffinic renewable fuels, such as hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO), tend to form deposits from fuel additives such as corrosion inhibitors and detergents, likely due to lower solvent power of the fuel. Importantly, deposits formed exclusively within the injectors, highlighting temperature as a critical factor. A laboratory thermal deposit test (TDT) was developed to explore the chemistry of these deposits and the effects of temperature and fuel contaminants. Additionally, a custom-built injector rig was created to reproduce IDIDs under engine-like conditions and test injector performance. Fullengine tests were also conducted to study soft particle formation during operation. A two-layer formation mechanism was proposed, with an inorganic calcium sulfate layer followed by an organic layer of metal soaps and additives, which was successfully reproduced in the injector set up. Engine tests revealed that soft particles form during operation with higher biodiesel blends. This work emphasizes the importance of a robust fuel system capable of handling soft particles and suggests that minimizing contaminants and maintaining high fuel quality can help reduce deposit formation. These findings support the ongoing use of drop-in fuels in advanced fuel systems. Furthermore, the thesis successfully developed specific methods to address internal injector issues and created setups for studying deposit chemistry in the laboratory, including an injector test rig for evaluating injector performance, as well as engine test operations under realworld conditions. 

Abstract [sv]

Tunga transporter är en betydande källa till utsläpp av växthusgaser. Ett sätt att minska CO2- utsläppen från denna sektor är att använda drop-in-bränslen, där alternativa bränslen används direkt eller blandas med konventionella bränslen. Dessa bränsleblandningar kan dock ha löslighetsproblem, vilket leder till utfällning av mjuka partiklar som orsakar igensättning av bränslefilter och påverkar injektors funktionalitet, vilket i sin turminskar motoreffektiviteten och ökar bränsleförbrukningen. För att möta strängare miljöregler ökar blandningsproportionerna av alternativa bränslen eftersom alltmer avancerade bränslesystem introduceras. Därför är forskning viktigt inom detta område, eftersom användningen av dropin-bränslen förväntas öka och de associerade problemen förväntas bli vanligare. Denna avhandling undersöker bildningen av interna dieselinjektorsavlagringar (IDIDs) från drop-in-bränslen och föreslår mekanismer för hur de bildas. Avhandlingen behandlar karaktärisering av avlagringar från fältinjektorer och framtagandet av experimentella metoder för att generera avlagringar under kontrollerade förhållanden. Två experimentella metoder har utvecklats för avlagringsbildning, tillsammans med en standardiserad metodik för karaktärisering av både fält- och laboratoriegenererade injektorsavlagringar. Insikter från analyser av fältinjektorer har väglett designen av testbränsleblandningar och experiment med dessa nya metoder. De experimentella resultaten visar att sammansättningen av injektoravlagringar varierar beroende på vilken typ av bränsle som används. Avlagringar från biodieselblandningar med fettsyra metyl ester (FAME) består huvudsakligen av metalltvålar, oorganiska salter och kväveföreningar, troligen från nedbrytning av biodiesel. Till skillnad så tenderar paraffiniska förnybara bränslen som hydrerad vegetabilisk olja (HVO) att bilda avlagringar från bränsletillsatser som korrosionsinhibitorer och detergenter, sannolikts på grund av bränslets lägre lösningsförmåga. Viktigt att notera är att avlagringarna bildades uteslutande inuti injektorerna, vilket markerar temperaturens roll som en kritisk faktor. Ett labbtest rigg (TDT) utvecklades för att studera kemin bakom dessa avlagringar samt effekterna av temperatur och bränsleföroreningar. Dessutom skapades en specialbyggd injektorrigg för att reproducera injektoravlagringar i motorliknande förhållanden och för att testa injektorns prestanda. Fullständiga motortester genomfördes också för att studera bildningen av mjuka partiklar under drift. En bildningsmekanism har föreslagits bestående av två lager, ett oorganiskt kalciumsulfatlager följt av ett organiskt lager av metalltvålar och tillsatser. Denna mekanism också reproducerades i injektorriggen. Motortester visade att mjuka partiklar bildas vid drift med högre biodieselblandningar. Detta arbete betonar vikten av ett robust bränslesystem som kan hantera mjuka partiklar och föreslår att låga halter av föroreningar och god bränslekvalitet kan bidra till att minska avlagringsbildning. Dessa resultat i denna forskning stöder fortsatt användning av drop-in-bränslen i avancerade bränslesystem. Dessutom har detta arbete utvecklat specifika metoder för att ta itu med interna injektorsproblem och skapat nya testmetoder i labbet för att studera avlagringskemi, en injektortestrigg för att utvärdera injektorsprestanda, samt motortestoperationer under verkliga förhållanden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 72
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:54
Keywords
Fuel injection system, Soft particles, Solubility, Internal Injector Diesel Deposits, Drop-in fuels
National Category
Chemical Engineering Materials Engineering Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356000 (URN)978-91-8106-115-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-04, Kollegisalen, Brinellvägen 6, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_giKi2ds0SGaGmhSenJWAOg, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 35559-3
Note

QC 20241111

Available from: 2024-11-11 Created: 2024-11-07 Last updated: 2026-01-13Bibliographically approved

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