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Arsenic in Africa: Potential sources, spatial variability, and the state of the art for arsenic removal using locally available materials
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering. Univ Dar Salaam, Dept Water Resources Engn, Coll Engn & Technol, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.;Univ Dar Salaam, Coll Nat & Appl Sci, Dept Chem, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania..ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0501-9515
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering. Univ Dar Salaam, Dept Water Resources Engn, Coll Engn & Technol, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.;Univ Dar Salaam, Coll Engn & Technol, Dept Transportat & Geotech Engn, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania..ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7435-1677
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering. Univ Dar Salaam, Dept Water Resources Engn, Coll Engn & Technol, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.;Univ Dar Salaam, Mkwawa Coll Educ, Dept Chem, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania..ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2883-2445
KIIT Deemed Be Univ, Sch Appl Sci, Dept Chem, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India..
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2022 (English)In: GROUNDWATER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ISSN 2352-801X, Vol. 18, p. 100746-, article id 100746Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In the past two decades, several studies on arsenic (As) occurrence in the environment, particularly in surface and groundwater systems have reported high levels of As in some African countries. Arsenic concentrations up to 10,000 mu g/L have been reported in surface water systems, caused by human activities such as mining, industrial effluents, and municipal solid waste disposals. Similarly, concentrations up to 1760 mu g/L have been reported in many groundwater systems which account for approximately 60% of drinking water demand in rural Africa. Naturally, As is mobilized in groundwater systems through weathering processes and dissolution of As bearing minerals such as sulfides (pyrite, arsenopyrite, and chalcopyrite), iron oxides, other mineralized granitic and gneissic rocks, and climate change factors triggering As release in groundwater. Recently, public health studies in some African countries such as Tanzania and Ethiopia have reported high levels of As in human tissues such as toenails as well as in urine among pregnant women exposed to As contaminated groundwater, respectively. In urine, concentrations up to 150 mu g/L were reported among pregnant women depending on As contaminated drinking water within Geita gold mining areas in the north-western part of Tanzania. However, the studies on As occurrence, and mobilization in African water systems, as well as related health effects are limited, due to the lack of awareness. The current study aims to gather information on the occurrence of As in different environmental compartments, its spatial variability, public health problems and the potential remediation options of As in water sources. The study also aims at creating awareness of As contamination in Africa and its removal using locally available materials.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2022. Vol. 18, p. 100746-, article id 100746
Keywords [en]
Arsenic, Africa, Sources, Spatial variability, Local adsorbents, Removal
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences Climate Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-315245DOI: 10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100746ISI: 000810590300001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85129756260OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-315245DiVA, id: diva2:1681059
Note

QC 20220705

Available from: 2022-07-05 Created: 2022-07-05 Last updated: 2025-02-01Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Treatment of arsenic contaminated drinking water from the sources around the gold mining areas of Geita and Mara, Tanzania: Removal efficiency of locally available materials, bauxite, gypsum and magnesite
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Treatment of arsenic contaminated drinking water from the sources around the gold mining areas of Geita and Mara, Tanzania: Removal efficiency of locally available materials, bauxite, gypsum and magnesite
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In recent years, high arsenic (As) levels of about 300 µg/L have been reported around the gold mining areas of Geita and Mara regions within the Lake Victoria basin (LVB) in Tanzania. During a sampling campaign at Geita and Mara, the groundwater and surface water samples revealed the presence of high As concentrations as well as Fe and sulfide. Several wells are abandoned because of odor due to high content of sulfide, as well as red color, due to high iron content. About 53% of the analyzed As water samples exceeded the WHO guideline for drinking water. The release of As is primarily attributed to the weathering of sulfide minerals like arsenopyrite related to gold mining activities. In some parts of the LVB, an increasing number of cancer cases are being reported, and clinical investigations are now on the national agenda to identify the possible causes. Water treatment using bauxite, gypsum, and magnesite shows promising results, especially bauxite and magnesite, which could lower As concentrations to below 0.1 µg/L. Both bauxite and magnesite worked efficiently on As removal even at higher concentrations above 5 mg/L, while gypsum is preferable for treatment of low As concentrations. Furthermore, magnesite has a unique chemical character of influencing other materials to have high efficiency of As removal; however, it raises the pH of the water up to 10. Addition of 5 g/L magnesite to water containing 5 mg/L As, could lower the As concentration to below 10 µg/L within 30 min. The As removal increased with dosage and contact time up to 98 % in 4 hours, which is in agreement with Visual MINTEQ simulation. The performance of calcined magnesite, and gypsum fitted well with Freundlich adsorption isotherm, which indicates the presence of chemical reaction as controlling factor for As removal, while bauxite fitted Langmuir isotherm indicates monolayer surface coverage. The kinetic reactions were observed to follow pseudo-second-order. The statistic obeys linear regression with R2 ranging between 0.7 and 0.9. The artificial neural network revealed pH as a most influencing parameter for As removal from water. The mini-scale column revealed that a flow rate of 0.5 – 1 mL/min for 30 min gave an adsorption capacity ranging between 0.07 and 0.14 µg/g, which follows Thomas linear model with rate constant of kTH of 29.48 to 211.25 mL/min µg. The release of elements from spent magnesite, gypsum, and bauxite, such as magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca) were found to be below WHO standards after water treatment. However, the desorption process of As from spent magnesite and gypsum was a challenge, which means there was formation of strong bond between Mg-O-As and Ca-O-As. This study is based on 5 papers that provide significant insights to the scientific community, policymakers, and the community living around As contaminated areas to learn about the occurrences of As and simple remediation techniques evaluated in this study.

Abstract [sv]

Under de senaste åren har höga halter av arsenik (As) på cirka 300 μg/L rapporterats runt guldgruveområdena i Geita- och Mara-regionerna i Victoriasjöns avrinningsområde (LVB) i Tanzania. Under provtagningskampanjen vid Geita och Mara visade grundvatten- och ytvattenproverna förekomst av höga As-koncentrationer samt Fe och sulfid. Flera brunnar överges på grund av lukt orsakad av högt innehåll av sulfid, liksom röd färg, på grund av hög järnhalt. Cirka 53 % av de analyserade vattenproverna överskred WHO:s riktlinjer för dricksvatten. Frisättningen av As tillskrivs främst vittring av sulfidmineraler som arsenopyrit i samband med guldbrytningen. I vissa delar av LVB rapporteras allt fler cancerfall och kliniska undersökningar står nu på den nationella agendan för att identifiera möjliga orsaker. Vattenrening med bauxit, gips och magnesit visar lovande resultat, särskilt bauxit och magnesit kan sänka As-koncentrationerna till under 0.1 μg/L. Både bauxit och magnesit fungerade effektivt för As-avlägsnande även vid högre koncentrationer över 5 mg/L, medan gips är att föredra för behandling av låga As-koncentrationer. Dessutom hade magnesit en unik kemisk karaktär för att påverka andra material att ha hög effektivitet vid As-borttagning; Det höjer dock vattnets pH upp till 10. Vid tillsats av 5 g/L magnesit i vatten med 5 mg/L As, kan As halten sänkas till under 10 μg/L inom 30 min. As-borttagningen ökade med dosering och kontakttid upp till 98 % efter 4 timmar, vilket är i överensstämmelse med Visual MINTEQ-simulering. Prestandan hos kalcinerad magnesit och gips passade väl med Freundlich-adsorptionsisoterm, som indikerar närvaron av kemisk reaktion som styrande faktor för As-avlägsnande medan bauxit stämde med Langmuir-isoterm, vilket indikerar yttäckning i ett lager. De kinetiska reaktionerna observerades följa pseudo andra ordningen. Statistiken följer linjär regression med R2 som sträcker sig mellan 0.7 och 0.9. Det artificiella neurala nätverket avslöjade pH som en av de mest inflytelserika parametrarna för avlägsnande av As från vatten. En kollonn i liten skala med en flödeshastighet på 0.5 – 1 mL/min under 30 minuter visade en adsoprtionskapacitet mellan 0.07 och 0.14 μg/g som följer Thomas linjära modell med hastighetskonstanten kTH på 29.48 till 211.25 mL/min μg. Frisättning av element från förbrukad magnesit, gips och bauxit såsom magnesium (Mg). aluminium (Al), järn (Fe), kalcium (Ca) visade sig ligga under WHO:s standarder efter vattenrening. Desorptionsprocessen av As från förbrukad magnesit och gips var dock en utmaning, vilket innebär att det bildades en stark bindning mellan Mg-O-As och Ca-O-As. Denna studie är baserad på 5 artiklar som ger betydande insikter till forskare, beslutsfattare och samhället runt As-förorenade platser för att lära sig om förekomsten av As och enkla saneringstekniker som utvärderas i denna studie.

Abstract [sw]

Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, viwango vya juu vya As vya 300 μg/L vinaripotiwa karibu na maeneo ya uchimbaji wa dhahabu ya mikoa ya Geita na Mara ndani ya bonde la Ziwa Victoria (LVB) nchini Tanzania. Wakati wa kampeni ya sampuli katika mikoa ya Geita na Mara, sampuli za maji ya ardhini na maji ya mito zilifichua uwepo wa viwango vya juu vya As pamoja na Fe na sulfide. Visima kadhaa vimeachwa kwa sababu ya harufu kutokana na sulfide iliyomo kwenye maji, pamoja na rangi nyekundu, kwa sababu ya chuma. Karibu 53% ya sampuli za maji zilizochambuliwa zilizidi mwongozo wa WHO wa maji ya kunywa. Kutolewa kwa As kimsingi kunahusishwa na hali ya hewa ya madini ya sulfide kama arsenopyrite inayohusiana na shughuli za madini ya dhahabu. Katika baadhi ya maeneo ya LVB, idadi kubwa ya kesi za saratani zinaripotiwa na uchunguzi wa kliniki sasa uko kwenye ajenda ya kitaifa ya kutambua sababu zinazowezekana. Matibabu ya maji kwa kutumia bauxite, gypsum na magnesite inaonyesha matokeo ya kuahidi, hasa bauxite na magnesite inaweza kupunguza viwango vya As mpaka chini ya 0.1 μg/L. Wote bauxite na magnesite walifanya kazi kwa ufanisi juu ya As kuondolewa hata katika viwango vya juu ya 5 mg/L wakati gypsum ni bora kwa matibabu ya viwango vya chini vya As kwenye maji. Zaidi ya hayo, magnesite alikuwa na tabia ya kipekee ya kemikali kushawishi nyenzo zingine kuwa na ufanisi mkubwa juu ya As kuondolewa; hata hivyo huinua pH ya maji hadi 10. Baada ya kuongeza 5 g/L magnesite katika 5 mg/L As, inaweza kupunguza As chini ya 10 μg/L ndani ya dakika 30. Kuondolewa kwa As iliongezeka hadi 98% kulingana na kipimo cha madini kuongezeka, pia na wakati wa maji kugusana katika masaa 4 ambayo inakubaliana na simulation ya Visual MINTEQ. Utendaji wa magnesite iliyochomwa, na gypsum ulioneshwa vizuri na Freundlich adsorption isotherm, ambayo inaonyesha uwepo wa majibu ya kemikali kama sababu ya kudhibiti kwa As kuondolewa wakati bauxite ilifaa vizuri kwenye Langmuir isotherm inayoonyesha chanjo ya uso wa monolayer. Mwitikio wa kinetic ulizingatiwa kufuata utaratibu wa pili wa pseudo. Takwimu hutii regression ya mstari na R2 kuanzia kati ya 0.7 na 0.9. Mtandao wa neva bandia ulifunua pH kama kigezo cha kushawishi zaidi kwa As kuondolewa kutoka kwa maji. Safu ndogo ilifunua kiwango cha mtiririko wa 0.5 - 1 mL/min kwa dakika 30 na uwezo wa mtiririko kati ya 0.07 na 0.14 μg/g ambayo inatii mfano wa Thomas linear na kiwango cha mara kwa mara cha kTH ya 29.48 hadi 211.25 mL/min μg. Kutolewa kwa vitu kutoka kwa magnesite iliyotumika, gypsum, na bauxite kama vile magnesiamu (Mg). alumini (Al), chuma (Fe), kalsiamu (Ca) ilipatikana kuwa chini ya viwango vya WHO baada ya matibabu ya maji. Hata hivyo, mchakato wa kuiachanisha As kutoka kwa magnesite iliyotumika na gypsum ilikuwa changamoto ambayo inamaanisha kulikuwa na muungano mgumu kati ya Mg-O-As na Ca-O-As. Utafiti huu unategemea machapisho 5 ambapo utachangia ufahamu muhimu kwa jamii ya kisayansi, watunga sera na jamii inayoishi karibu na maeneo yaliyochafuliwa, kujifunza kuhusu matukio ya uchafuzi wa vyanzo vya maji pamoja na mbinu rahisi za kuondoa As zilizotathminiwa katika utafiti huu.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. xx, 54
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2351
Keywords
Arsenic, bauxite, gypsum, magnesite, natural water, removal, Visual MINTEQ, kinetic reaction, isotherms, Freundlich, Langmuir, Arseniki, bauxite, gypsum, magnesite, maji ya asili, kuondolewa, Visual MINTEQ, misuguano ya kinetic, isotherm, Freundlich, Langmuir, Arsenik, bauxit, gips, magnesit, naturligt vatten, rening, Visual MINTEQ, kinetisk reaktion, isotermer, Freundlich, Langmuir
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-339968 (URN)978-91-8040-779-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-12-19, Sahara, Teknikringen 10B (Plan 2), KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65995145722, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 51170071
Note

QC 20231127

Available from: 2023-11-27 Created: 2023-11-27 Last updated: 2025-10-30Bibliographically approved

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