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Coated ZrN sphere-UO2 composites as surrogates for UN-UO2 accident tolerant fuels
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering. Westinghouse Elect Sweden AB, S-72163 Västerås, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1628-3001
Chalmers Univ Technol, Nucl Chem, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden..
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Engineering. Westinghouse Elect Sweden AB, S-72163 Västerås, Sweden..
Archer Technicoat Ltd, High Wycombe HP12 4JD, Bucks, England..
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2022 (English)In: Journal of Nuclear Materials, ISSN 0022-3115, E-ISSN 1873-4820, Vol. 567, p. 153845-, article id 153845Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Uranium nitride (UN) spheres embedded in uranium dioxide (UO2) matrix is considered an innovative accident tolerant fuel (ATF). However, the interaction between UN and UO2 restricts the applicability of such composite in light water reactors. A possibility to limit this interaction is to separate the two materials with a diffusion barrier that has a high melting point, high thermal conductivity, and reasonably low neutron cross-section. Recent density functional theory calculations and experimental results on interface interactions in UN-X-UO2 systems (X = V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W) concluded that Mo and W are promising coating candidates. In this work, we develop and study different methods of coating ZrN spheres, used as a surrogate material for UN spheres: first, using Mo or W nanopowders (wet and binder); and second, using chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of W. ZrN-UO2 composites containing 15 wt% of coated ZrN spheres were consolidated by spark plasma sintering (1773 K, 80 MPa) and characterised by SEM/FIB-EDS and EBSD. The results show dense Mo and W layers without interaction with UO2. Wet and binder Mo methods provided coating layers of about 20 µm and 65 µm, respectively, while the binder and CVD of W methods layers of about 12 µm and 3 µm, respectively.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2022. Vol. 567, p. 153845-, article id 153845
Keywords [en]
Accident tolerant fuel, UN-UO2, Coating technologies, Surrogate composites
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology Other Physics Topics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-315560DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2022.153845ISI: 000814597000007Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85131672664OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-315560DiVA, id: diva2:1681912
Note

QC 20230314

Available from: 2022-07-07 Created: 2022-07-07 Last updated: 2023-05-12Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Development of Encapsulated UN-UO₂ Accident Tolerant Fuel
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Development of Encapsulated UN-UO₂ Accident Tolerant Fuel
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Accident tolerant fuels (ATFs) are designed to endure a severe accident in the reactor core longer than the standard UO2-Zr alloy systems used in light water reactors (LWRs). Composite fuels such as UN-UO2 are being considered as an ATF concept to address the lower oxidation resistance of the UN fuel from a safety perspective for use in LWRs, whilst improving the in-reactor behaviour of the UO2 fuel. The main objective of this thesis is to fabricate, characterise, and evaluate an innovative ATF concept for LWRs: encapsulated UN spheres as additives for the standard UO2 fuel. Several development steps were applied to understand the influence of the sintering parameters on the UN-UO2 fuel microstructure, evaluate potential coating candidates to encapsulate the UN spheres by different coating methodologies, assess the oxidation resistance of the composites, and estimate the thermal behaviours of uncoated and encapsulated UN-UO2 fuels. All composites were sintered by the spark plasma sintering method and characterised by many complementary microstructural techniques. Molybdenum and tungsten are shown, using a combination of modelling and experiments, to be good material candidates for the protective coating. It is shown that the powder coating methods form a thick, dense, and non-uniform coating layer onto spheres, while the chemical and vapour deposition methods provide thinner and more uniform layers. Finite element modelling indicates that the fuel centreline temperature may be reduced by more than 400 K when 70 wt% of encapsulated spheres are used as compared to the reference UO2. Moreover, the severity of the degradation of the nitride phase is reduced when embedded in a UO2 matrix and may also be reduced even more by the presence of a coating layer. These results contribute to further developments in methodologies for fabricating, characterising, and evaluating accident tolerant fuels within LWRs.

Abstract [sv]

Olyckstoleranta bränslen (ATF) är utformade för att motstå en allvarlig olycka i reaktorhärden längre än de standard UO2-Zr system som används i lättvattenreaktorer (LWR) idag. Kompositbränslen som UN-UO2 anses vara ett ATF koncept som kan förbättra den lägre oxidationsbeständigheten hos UN bränslet ur ett säkerhetsperspektiv för användning i LWR, samtidigt som UO2-bränslets beteende och prestanda i reaktorn förbättras. Huvudsyftet med denna avhandling är att tillverka, karakterisera och utvärdera ett innovativt ATF-koncept för LWR: inkapslade UN-sfärer som tillsatser för standardbränslet UO2. Flera utvecklingssteg tillämpades för att förstå inverkan av sintringsparametrarna på mikrostrukturen för UN-UO2 bränslet, utvärdera potentiella beläggningskandidater för att kapsla in UN sfärerna med hjälp av olika beläggningsmetoder, bedöma kompositernas oxidationsbeständighet och uppskatta det termiska beteendet hos obelagda och inkapslade UN-UO2 bränslen. Alla kompositer sintrades med starkströmsassisterad varmpressning (SPS) och karakteriserades av flera komplementära tekniker. Molybden och volfram visar sig vara bra materialkandidater för den skyddande beläggningen med hjälp av en kombination av modellering och experiment. Det visas att pulverlackeringsmetoderna bildar ett tjockt, tätt men ojämnt skikt på sfärerna, medan kemiska- och fysikaliska- ångavsättningsmetoder ger tunnare och mer enhetliga skikt. Finita elementmodellering indikerar att bränslets centertemperatur kan minskas med mer än 400 K när 70 wt% av inkapslade UN-sfärer används jämfört med referensen UO2. Dessutom reduceras degraderingen av nitridfasen när den är inbäddad i en UO2-matris och den kan också reduceras ännu mer genom närvaron av ett beläggningsskikt. Dessa resultat bidrar till ytterligare utveckling av metoder för att tillverka, karakterisera, och utvärdera olyckstoleranta bränslen för LWR.

Abstract [pt]

Combustíveis tolerantes a acidentes (ATFs) são projetados para suportar um acidente severo no núcleo do reator por mais tempo que os sistemas combustíveis padrão composto por UO2 e liga de Zr, atualmente usados emreatores de água leve (LWRs). Combustíveis compósitos do tipo UN-UO2 estão sendo considerados como um conceito ATF para solucionar a inferior resistência à oxidação do combustível UN, tendo em vista perspectivas desegurança para uso em LWRs, enquanto melhora o comportamento do combustível de UO2 no reator. O objetivo principal desta tese é fabricar, caracterizar, e avaliar um conceito inovador de ATF para LWRs: esferas de UN encapsuladas como aditivos para o combustível padrão de UO2. Várias etapas de desenvolvimento foram aplicadas para: entender a influência dos parâmetros de sinterização na microestrutura do combustível UN-UO2, avaliar potenciais candidatos para encapsular as esferas de UN utilizando diferentes metodologias de revestimento, acessar a resistência à oxidação dos compósitos, e estimar o comportamento térmico dos combustíveis compósitos UN-UO2 sem e com revestimentos. Todos os compósitos foram sinterizados pelo método de sinterização por descarga elétrica (SPS) e caracterizados utilizando diversas técnicas de caracterização microestrutural complementares. Molibdênio e tungstênio demonstraram ser bons materiais candidatos para o revestimento protetivo pela combinação de resultados de modelagem e experimentos. É demonstrado que o método de revestimento utilizando pó forma uma camada espessa, densa e não uniforme nas esferas, enquanto os métodos de deposição química e a vapor proporcionam camadas mais finas e uniformes. Modelagem por elementos finitos indica que a temperatura central do combustível pode ser reduzida em mais de 400 K quando 70 %m de esferas encapsuladas são utilizados, em comparação ao combustível referência UO2. Além disso, a severidade da degradação da fase nitreto é reduzida quando integrada na matriz de UO2, podendo ser reduzida ainda mais pela presença de uma camada de revestimento. Esses resultados contribuem para futuros desenvolvimentos em metodologias de fabricação, caracterização e avaliação de combustíveis tolerantes a acidentes em LWRs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 101
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:17
Keywords
Accident tolerant fuel, UN-UO2 composite fuel, coating technology, powder coating, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), physical vapour deposition (PVD), UN spheres, spark plasma sintering
National Category
Physical Sciences
Research subject
Physics, Nuclear Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326844 (URN)978-91-8040-561-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-02, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ID17–0078
Note

QC 2023-05-17

Available from: 2023-05-17 Created: 2023-05-12 Last updated: 2023-05-26Bibliographically approved

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Costa, Diogo RibeiroLopes, Denise AdornoWallenius, JanneOlsson, Pär

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