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A comparative study of experiments with numerical simulations of free-stream turbulence transition
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2186-9277
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8665-2995
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3251-8328
2022 (English)In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 951, article id A46Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To date, very few careful and direct comparisons between experiments and direct numerical simulations (DNS) have been published on free-stream turbulence (FST) induced boundary layer transition, whilst there exist numerous published works on the comparison of canonical turbulent boundary layers. The primary reason is that the former comparison is vastly more difficult to carry out simply because all known transition scenarios have large energy gradients and are extremely sensitive to surrounding conditions. This paper presents a detailed comparison between new experiments and available DNS data of the complex FST transition scenario in a flat plate boundary layer at turbulence intensity level about Tu = 3 % and FST Reynolds number about Re-fst = 67. The leading edge (LE) pressure gradient distribution and the full energy spectrum at the LE are identified as the two most important parameters for a satisfying comparison. Matching the LE characteristic FST parameters is not enough as previously thought, which is illustrated by setting up two experimental FST cases with about the same FST integral parameters at the LE but with different energy spectra. Finally, an FST boundary layer penetration depth (PD) measure is defined using DNS, which suggests that the PD grows with the downstream distance and stays around 20 % of the boundary layer thickness down to transition onset. With this result, one cannot rule out the significance of the continuous FST forcing along the boundary layer edge in this transition scenario, as indicated in previous studies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press (CUP) , 2022. Vol. 951, article id A46
Keywords [en]
boundary layer receptivity, boundary layer stability, transition to turbulence
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-322229DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2022.883ISI: 000882992800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85142057771OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-322229DiVA, id: diva2:1716202
Note

Not duplicate with DiVA 1659161

QC 20221205

Available from: 2022-12-05 Created: 2022-12-05 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Experimental studies on laminar boundary layers: instability, transition and control
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental studies on laminar boundary layers: instability, transition and control
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Experimentella studier av laminära gränsskikt: instabilitet, omslag och kontroll
Abstract [en]

The laminar-turbulent transition in boundary layers is a pivotal process in fluid dynamics, with significant implications for engineering applications. Typical examples are aviation and energy systems, where this process has a tremendous impact on large-scale effects like friction drag and heat transfer. As such, boundary layers and their transition to turbulence have been an active topic of research for more than 100 years, making considerable progress in understanding the underlying physics. For example, we know today that the transition process is not unique. However, even though many phenomena are now understood, significant challenges remain. The present thesis aims to shed light on some aspects of boundary layer transition and control thereof.

We present a series of experimental studies focusing on the instability, transition, and control of laminar boundary layers. Flow instabilities are generally the precursor of turbulence and are therefore studied first, where three phenomena are investigated separately. Natural transition of a boundary layer often occurs due to two-dimensional Tollmien-Schlichting waves. In higher background disturbance flows, the dominating instability in the flow are streamwise streaky structures that govern the transition to turbulence. The third type of investigated flow instability are the structures that develop in the boundary layer behind an isolated roughness element.

If the instabilities in the flow grow beyond a critical amplitude, they will break down to turbulence. A considerable section of the thesis is dedicated to boundary-layer transition under free-stream turbulence. Even though this topic is of great interest for applications such as turbomachinery, it is still not possible to accurately predict the location where transition happens for given flow conditions, even for strongly simplified cases like flat plates. Amongst other topics, we investigate effects that might influence this transition process and have been overlooked previously. Furthermore, phenomena that happen during the transition process, such as the emergence and development of turbulent spots, are studied under various free-stream turbulence conditions.

Finally, we explore passive control strategies to delay the transition to turbulence. This includes the assessment of the feasibility of established techniques to use in realistic engineering applications. Here, flow control devices are designed with the goal to delay transition on the fuselage of an aircraft. On the other hand, new approaches to accomplish transition delay are investigated, where the unfavorable direct disturbance of the boundary layer is minimized, leading to potentially improved transition delay.

Abstract [sv]

Omslaget från laminär till turbulent strömning i gränsskikt är en central process inom strömningsmekaniken med betydande innebörd i tekniska tillämpningar. Typiska exempel på tillämpningar återfinns framför allt inom flygsektorn och inom olika energisystem där omslaget har en stor inverkan på både friktionsmotstånd och värmeöverföring. Gränsskikt och dess omslag till turbulens har varit ett aktivt forskningsområde i över 100 år och därmed har betydande framsteg gjorts för den fysikaliska förståelsen av denna process. Idag vet vi exempelvis att omslaget kan ta olika vägar till ett turbulent tillstånd, men trots många insikter kvarstår betydande utmaningar. Denna avhandling syftar till att belysa några aspekter på omslaget i gränsskikt och dess kontroll.

Vi presenterar en serie experimentella studier med fokus på instabiliteter, omslag och kontroll av laminära gränsskikt. I allmänhet kan man säga att turbulens föregås av flödesinstabiliteter och därför fokuserar vi inledningsvis på tre kända störningar. Vid låg bakgrundstörning domineras omslaget av två-dimensionella vågor, även kallade Tollmien-Schlichting vågor. Om nivån av bakgrundsstörningen ökar kommer omslaget i stället att domineras av tillväxten av hög- och låghastighetsstråk i strömningsriktningen. Den tredje typen av flödesinstabilitet som undersöks här är de strukturer som utvecklas bakom ett isolerat ytråhetselement i gränsskiktet.

Om instabiliteterna i flödet växer över en kritisk amplitud kommer störningarna att initiera omslaget till turbulens. Avhandlingen handlar till stor del om hur friströmsturbulens (hög bakgrundsstörning) påverkar omslaget i gränsskikt. Trots de många tillämpningar som finns, som exempelvis turbomaskiner, så är det fortfarande svårt att förutspå var omslaget sker på idealiserade geometrier. I detta avhandlingsarbete har vi bland annat undersökt effekter som kan påverka denna typ av omslag och som tidigare har förbisetts. Vidare studeras de fenomen som inträffar under omslagsprocessen, såsom uppkomst och utveckling av turbulenta fläckar.

Slutligen utforskar vi passiva kontrollmetoder för att senarelägga omslaget till turbulens. Detta inkluderar att bedöma genomförbarheten av etablerade tekniker för användning i verkliga tillämpningar. Här har virvelgeneratorer för flödeskontroll designats med målet att senarelägga omslaget till turbulens på en flygplanskropp. Dessutom har nya tillvägagångssätt undersökts för att senarelägga omslaget, där den destabiliserande effekten av virvelgeneratorerna i sig har minimerats. Detta kan potentiellt leda till förbättrad kontroll och fördröjning av omslaget.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 231
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2024:50
Keywords
boundary layers, flow instabilities, roughness element, laminar-turbulent transition, free-stream turbulence, transition delay, miniature-vortex generators, gränsskikt, flödesinstabiliteter, råhetselement, laminär-turbulent omslag, friströmsturbulens, fördröjning av omslaget, miniatyrvirvelgeneratorer
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-357098 (URN)978-91-8106-096-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-19, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 6, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC241204

Available from: 2024-12-04 Created: 2024-12-03 Last updated: 2026-01-13Bibliographically approved

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Mamidala, Santhosh B.Weingärtner, AndréFransson, Jens H. M.

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