kth.sePublications KTH
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Quantifying lithium lost to plating and formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase in graphite and commercial battery components
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5196-8706
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1321-6639
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0452-0703
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9203-9313
Show others and affiliations
2022 (English)In: Applied Materials Today, ISSN 2352-9407, E-ISSN 2352-9415, Vol. 28, article id 101527Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A key degradation mechanism in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is the irreversible loss of cyclable lithium during cycling. At the graphite negative electrode, this loss occurs through the deposition of lithium-containing compounds in the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and through plating of metallic lithium, resulting in so-called dead lithium. The separate quantification of SEI and dead lithium has so far been a challenge in post mortem analysis of commercial LIBs. Here we report a simple and fast 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) protocol applied to solid-state samples derived from lab-built batteries to independently quantify these and other lithium species in graphite electrodes without the need for specialized cell design nor knowledge of prior charging history. The metallic lithium content is corroborated by electrochemical calculations; the total amount of lithium is also determined from 7Li liquid-state NMR and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in suitably digested samples. Factors influencing accuracy like the sample handling process, the radiofrequency skin effect, and re-intercalation losses are investigated. Measurements on samples from commercial cells aged under realistic conditions demonstrate quantification of dead lithium and remaining ionic species (SEI), and further reveal lithium dendrites entrained in the separator following cell disassembly. The method uses conventional and widely available NMR instrumentation and is applicable to samples from lab-scale test cells or commercial batteries, thereby presenting a vast improvement over prior post mortem methods. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2022. Vol. 28, article id 101527
Keywords [en]
Graphite electrode, Irreversible Li: solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), Lithium plating, NMR spectroscopy, Post mortem analysis, Degradation, Graphite, Graphite electrodes, Inductively coupled plasma, Lithium compounds, Lithium-ion batteries, Optical emission spectroscopy, Solid electrolytes, Spectrum analysis, Cyclable, Degradation mechanism, Irreversible li: solid-electrolyte interphase, Irreversible loss, Metallic lithium, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy spectroscopy, Postmortem analysis, Solid electrolyte interphase, Spectroscopy:spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
National Category
Materials Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324570DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101527ISI: 001130018900003Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85131464431OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-324570DiVA, id: diva2:1742058
Note

QC 20230308

Available from: 2023-03-08 Created: 2023-03-08 Last updated: 2025-12-05Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Tools for characterizing performance degradation in lithium-ion batteries
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tools for characterizing performance degradation in lithium-ion batteries
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Lithium-ion batteries have enabled vast societal changes, ranging in scale from the adoption of personal electronics to electromobility and grid-scale, renewable energy storage. However, all applications face performance fade over time, observed as losses of battery capacity and power. This gradual degradation is most often due to electrochemical aging processes inside the cell, including phenomena causing a loss of cyclable lithium (e.g., lithium plating, growth of the solid­‑electrolyte interphase or SEI), a loss of active material (e.g., particle cracking), and/or a loss of ionic or electronic conductivity. In the compiled works, many individual batteries have been aged and analyzed to better understand the conditions contributing to aging in different cell designs. The cells studied include lab-built pouch cells, commercial cylindrical cells (with electrodes LiNixMnyCo1‑x‑yO2‑LiMn2O4/C6 and LiNixCoyAl1‑x‑yO2/C6‑SiOx), and larger automotive-grade prismatic cells (LiNixMnyCo1‑x‑yO2/C6).

Complementary in situ and post mortem methods are developed, with relevance for both battery research and battery control systems. Excellent characterization can often be achieved by a combination of differential voltage and incremental capacity analyses. Obtained from a simple, slow cycle, the derivatives of the voltage profile reveal many features that can be tracked over aging. This thesis particularly develops these techniques for blended electrodes, deconvoluting the aging of individual components. Dynamic performance is resolved with a novel polarization factor, impedance spectroscopy, and tools based on current pulses/interruptions. Finally, a protocol based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is developed, enabling fast and direct quantification of lithium plating and SEI on harvested battery components. With such tools, we can improve how batteries are used and monitored, paving the way for efficient research and safer, more reliable batteries.

Abstract [sv]

Litiumjonbatterier har haft en stor betydelse för samhällsutvecklingen då de möjliggjort allt från bärbar elektronik till elektromobilitet och balansering av elnätet. Tyvärr tappar batterier prestanda över tid, både genom försämrad kapacitet och effekt. Den gradvisa försämringen beror främst på interna elektrokemiska processer, varav förluster av cyklingsbart litium genom plätering av litiummetall eller tillväxt av deponerade skikt av nedbrytningsmaterial, så kallat SEI-skikt, är typiska. Andra mekanismer är degradering av de elektrokemiskt aktiva materialen och/eller förluster i ledningsförmåga. Avhandlingen behandlar ett stort antal battericeller som åldrats och därefter analyserats elektrokemiskt både under och efter cyklingen. Syftet har varit att förbättra förståelsen av degradering av olika batterityper som funktion av hur de har använts. I arbetet ingår labbceller såväl som kommersiellt tillgängliga cylindriska och prismatiska celler med nickelrik cellkemi ämnade för fordons-tillämpningar.

Kompletterande in situ och post mortem metoder har utvecklas med relevans såväl för forskning som för kontrollsystem för batterier. Utförlig identifiering av åldringsprocesser är möjlig med en kombination av differentiella spännings- och kapacitetsanalyser. Derivatan av en långsam upp- eller urladdningscykel ger nyttig information om åldrings-processerna som pågår. Arbetet i den här avhandlingen syftar till att förbättra metoderna särskilt gällande elektroder med fler än en aktiv komponent. Dynamiska driftegenskaper påvisades med mätningar av polarisering och impedans, samt strömpulsmetoder. Slutligen har en metodik utvecklats för att kvantitativt bestämma förekomsten av litiumplätering och SEI i post mortem analys med kärnmagnetisk resonansspektroskopi. Med dessa metoder kan vi förbättra kontrollen av batterier för att förlänga deras livslängd, vilket gynnar såväl fortsatt forskning som en säkrare och mer tillförlitlig användning av batterier i framtiden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 66
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:21
National Category
Other Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326611 (URN)978-91-8040-577-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-09, K1, Teknikringen 56, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/meeting/register/u5Etce6sqTstE9Y4nbFlbiRT1GFpb5apYS_f, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2023-05-11

Available from: 2023-05-11 Created: 2023-05-11 Last updated: 2023-05-26Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

No full text in DiVA

Other links

Publisher's full textScopus

Authority records

Fang, YuanSmith, Alexander J.Lindström, RakelLindbergh, GöranFuro, Istvan

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Fang, YuanSmith, Alexander J.Lindström, RakelLindbergh, GöranFuro, Istvan
By organisation
Applied Physical ChemistryApplied Electrochemistry
In the same journal
Applied Materials Today
Materials Chemistry

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 388 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf