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The state of charge dependence of degradation in lithium-ion cells from a Tesla Model 3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden;Volvo Group Trucks Technology (GTT), SE-405 08, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9294-7215
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1321-6639
Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden;Volvo Car Corporation, SE-405 31, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4929-1051
Ångström Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5845-3403
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The Tesla Model 3 is currently one of the most popular electric vehicles (EV)and was the best selling EV in 2020. In this article, performance and degradation are studied for 21700 cylindrical cells from a Tesla Model 3 cycledwithin nine, sequential state of charge (SOC) windows, each using 10% ofthe cell capacity is studied. Cells tested in either very high and very low SOCwindows show faster degradation than at moderate SOC. In particular, theshortest service life was for cells cycled below 25% SOC. The ageing mechanisms of the cells cycled in these most extreme windows have been monitoredby non-destructive electrochemical methods including analyses of differentialvoltage, incremental capacity, and voltage hysteresis. The combination ofloss of active material (LAM) and loss of lithium inventory (LLI) are responsible for the most rapid ageing observed in the cells cycled in the 5-15%SOC window. Calendar ageing, however, is not accelerated by storage atlow SOC. The results from this study offer an understanding of the distinct,SOC-dependent ageing patterns observed in the cells. This understanding ofthe ageing mechanisms in different cycling and storage conditions can be usedto recommend improved customer usage patterns and substantially extendthe lifetime of lithium-ion batteries in operation.

National Category
Other Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326610OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-326610DiVA, id: diva2:1755187
Note

QC 20230511

Available from: 2023-05-05 Created: 2023-05-05 Last updated: 2023-05-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Tools for characterizing performance degradation in lithium-ion batteries
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tools for characterizing performance degradation in lithium-ion batteries
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Lithium-ion batteries have enabled vast societal changes, ranging in scale from the adoption of personal electronics to electromobility and grid-scale, renewable energy storage. However, all applications face performance fade over time, observed as losses of battery capacity and power. This gradual degradation is most often due to electrochemical aging processes inside the cell, including phenomena causing a loss of cyclable lithium (e.g., lithium plating, growth of the solid­‑electrolyte interphase or SEI), a loss of active material (e.g., particle cracking), and/or a loss of ionic or electronic conductivity. In the compiled works, many individual batteries have been aged and analyzed to better understand the conditions contributing to aging in different cell designs. The cells studied include lab-built pouch cells, commercial cylindrical cells (with electrodes LiNixMnyCo1‑x‑yO2‑LiMn2O4/C6 and LiNixCoyAl1‑x‑yO2/C6‑SiOx), and larger automotive-grade prismatic cells (LiNixMnyCo1‑x‑yO2/C6).

Complementary in situ and post mortem methods are developed, with relevance for both battery research and battery control systems. Excellent characterization can often be achieved by a combination of differential voltage and incremental capacity analyses. Obtained from a simple, slow cycle, the derivatives of the voltage profile reveal many features that can be tracked over aging. This thesis particularly develops these techniques for blended electrodes, deconvoluting the aging of individual components. Dynamic performance is resolved with a novel polarization factor, impedance spectroscopy, and tools based on current pulses/interruptions. Finally, a protocol based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is developed, enabling fast and direct quantification of lithium plating and SEI on harvested battery components. With such tools, we can improve how batteries are used and monitored, paving the way for efficient research and safer, more reliable batteries.

Abstract [sv]

Litiumjonbatterier har haft en stor betydelse för samhällsutvecklingen då de möjliggjort allt från bärbar elektronik till elektromobilitet och balansering av elnätet. Tyvärr tappar batterier prestanda över tid, både genom försämrad kapacitet och effekt. Den gradvisa försämringen beror främst på interna elektrokemiska processer, varav förluster av cyklingsbart litium genom plätering av litiummetall eller tillväxt av deponerade skikt av nedbrytningsmaterial, så kallat SEI-skikt, är typiska. Andra mekanismer är degradering av de elektrokemiskt aktiva materialen och/eller förluster i ledningsförmåga. Avhandlingen behandlar ett stort antal battericeller som åldrats och därefter analyserats elektrokemiskt både under och efter cyklingen. Syftet har varit att förbättra förståelsen av degradering av olika batterityper som funktion av hur de har använts. I arbetet ingår labbceller såväl som kommersiellt tillgängliga cylindriska och prismatiska celler med nickelrik cellkemi ämnade för fordons-tillämpningar.

Kompletterande in situ och post mortem metoder har utvecklas med relevans såväl för forskning som för kontrollsystem för batterier. Utförlig identifiering av åldringsprocesser är möjlig med en kombination av differentiella spännings- och kapacitetsanalyser. Derivatan av en långsam upp- eller urladdningscykel ger nyttig information om åldrings-processerna som pågår. Arbetet i den här avhandlingen syftar till att förbättra metoderna särskilt gällande elektroder med fler än en aktiv komponent. Dynamiska driftegenskaper påvisades med mätningar av polarisering och impedans, samt strömpulsmetoder. Slutligen har en metodik utvecklats för att kvantitativt bestämma förekomsten av litiumplätering och SEI i post mortem analys med kärnmagnetisk resonansspektroskopi. Med dessa metoder kan vi förbättra kontrollen av batterier för att förlänga deras livslängd, vilket gynnar såväl fortsatt forskning som en säkrare och mer tillförlitlig användning av batterier i framtiden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 66
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:21
National Category
Other Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326611 (URN)978-91-8040-577-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-09, K1, Teknikringen 56, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/meeting/register/u5Etce6sqTstE9Y4nbFlbiRT1GFpb5apYS_f, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Note

QC 2023-05-11

Available from: 2023-05-11 Created: 2023-05-11 Last updated: 2023-05-26Bibliographically approved

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Smith, Alexander J.Wreland Lindström, Rakel

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