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Measurement and control of a superconducting quantum processor with a fully integrated radio-frequency system on a chip
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Nanostructure Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4233-3279
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Nanostructure Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8199-5510
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Nanostructure Physics.
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2022 (English)In: Review of Scientific Instruments, ISSN 0034-6748, E-ISSN 1089-7623, Vol. 93, no 10, p. 104711-, article id 104711Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We describe a digital microwave platform called Presto, designed for measurement and control of multiple quantum bits (qubits) and based on the third-generation radio-frequency system on a chip. Presto uses direct digital synthesis to create signals up to 9 GHz on 16 synchronous output ports, while synchronously analyzing responses on 16 input ports. Presto has 16 DC-bias outputs, four inputs and four outputs for digital triggers or markers, and two continuous-wave outputs for synthesizing frequencies up to 15 GHz. Scaling to a large number of qubits is enabled through deterministic synchronization of multiple Presto units. A Python application programming interface configures a firmware for synthesis and analysis of pulses, coordinated by an event sequencer. The analysis integrates template matching (matched filtering) and low-latency (184-254 ns) feedback to enable a wide range of multi-qubit experiments. We demonstrate Presto's capabilities with experiments on a sample consisting of two superconducting qubits connected via a flux-tunable coupler. We show single-shot readout and active reset of a single qubit; randomized benchmarking of single-qubit gates showing 99.972% fidelity, limited by the coherence time of the qubit; and calibration of a two-qubit iSWAP gate. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
AIP Publishing , 2022. Vol. 93, no 10, p. 104711-, article id 104711
Keywords [en]
Application programming interfaces (API), Application specific integrated circuits, Digital radio, Radio waves, Software radio, Direct digital synthesis, Fully integrated, Measurement and control, Output ports, Quantum processors, Radio frequency systems, Single quantum, System on a chip, Systems-on-a-chip, Third generation, Firmware, article, benchmarking, calibration, controlled study, filtration, microwave radiation, radiofrequency, randomized controlled trial, synthesis
National Category
Signal Processing Nano Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-328946DOI: 10.1063/5.0101398ISI: 000878198400009PubMedID: 36319392Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85141164689OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-328946DiVA, id: diva2:1767408
Note

QC 20230614

Available from: 2023-06-14 Created: 2023-06-14 Last updated: 2023-12-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Digital measurement and control of microwave quantum circuits
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Digital measurement and control of microwave quantum circuits
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Superconducting circuits are well established tools for quantum sensing anda promising new platform for quantum computing. Typically these quantumcircuits operate at microwave frequencies where the thermal noise at 10mK in a dilution refrigerator is small compared to the ground-state energy.Controlling the quantum state of these circuits requires well-timed, phase-coherent microwave pulses. This thesis describes an instrument based onsynchronous direct digital synthesis and sampling at microwave frequenciesto control and measure the response of superconducting quantum circuits.This all-digital approach allows for up and down conversion to microwavebands without analog IQ mixers, reducing the complexity of the controlsystem and enabling advanced signal processing via software. The thesisalso describes how the instrument is used to explore the quantum propertiesof a variety of different superconducting circuits.We characterise and benchmark a sample containing two transmon qubitsconnected by a parametric coupler. Randomized benchmarking showscoherence-limited fidelity of single-qubit gates. We successfully operate atwo-qubit iSWAP gate where controlling the relative phase of microwavepulses is necessary. Using a 3D cavity coupled to a transmon qubit we createarbitrary bosonic states using interleaved sequences of pulses which displacethe cavity oscillation and perform selective number-dependent arbitrary-phase (SNAP) gates. In the area of measurement-based quantum computingwe explore the generation of entangled states of travelling waves generatedby scattering vacuum noise off a Josephson parametric amplifier. The en-tanglement is generated and detected using a phase-coherent pumping anddetection scheme at multiple frequencies. We apply this same scheme to alsostudy frequency-domain entanglement between multiple standing waves ofa nonlinear surface-acoustic-wave resonator. The multifrequency capabili-ties of the instrument are also used to study single-photon detection in thefar infrared by multiplexed readout of arrays of quantum-capacitance sen-sors. The capabilities of the instrument are further showcased through theimplementation of a coherent real-time noise-radar system, highlighting itspractical utility beyond quantum exploration.

Abstract [sv]

Supraledande kretsar är väletablerade för kvantsensorer och en lovande nyplattform för kvantdatorer. Kretsarna är normalt designade för att använ-das vid mikrovågsfrekvenser där det termiska bruset vid 10 mK i en kryostatär litet jämfört med grundtillståndens energi. Att kontrollera kvanttillståndi sådana kretsar kräver vältajmade, faskoherenta mikrovågspulser. Dennaavhandling beskriver ett instrument baserat på synkroniserad direkt digi-tal syntes och sampling vid mikrovågsfrekvenser avsett att kontrollera ochmäta svar från supraledande kvantkretsar. Detta helt digitala tillvägagångs-sätt tillåter upp- och nedkonvertering till mikrovågsfrekvenser utan analogaIQ-mixers vilket minskar instrumentets komplexitet och möjliggör avance-rad signalbehandling i mjukvara. Avhandlingen beskriver också hur instru-mentet används till att utforska kvantegenskaperna hos olika supraledandekretsar.Vi karakteriserar och utvärderar prestanda på ett prov innehållande tvåkvantbitar av typen ’transmon’ sammankopplade med en parametrisk kopp-lare. ’Randomized benchmarking’ visar att noggrannheten på en-kvantbitgrindar är begränsade av kvantbitens koherenstid. Vi lyckas framgångsriktgenomföra en iSWAP-grind där styrning av den relativa fasen på mikrovågs-pulser är nödvändig. Med hjälp av en 3D-kavitet kopplad till en ’transmon’kvantbit skapar vi godtyckliga bosoniska tillstånd via sammanflätade se-kvenser av pulser som förskjuter kavitetsoscillationen och selective number-dependent arbitrary phase (SNAP) grindar. I kategorin mätningabasera-de kvantberäkningar utforskar vi generering av sammanflätade tillstånd iform av vågor som skapas genom att låta vakuumbrus reflekteras på enJosephson-parametrisk förstärkare. Sammanflätningen genereras och detek-teras via faskoherent pump- och detektion på flera frekvenser. Vi tillämparsamma metod för att studera sammanflätning mellan stående vågor i en icke-linjär akustisk ytvågresonator. Instrumentets multifrekvensfunktioner an-vänds också till att studera singelfotondetektion i fjärrinfrarött ljus via mul-tiplexad avläsning av kvantkapacitanssensorer. Instrumentets möjligheterdemonstreras vidare genom att implementera ett realtids-brusradarsystem,som visar att det är praktiskt användbart även utanför kvantforskning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 77
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:66
Keywords
Superconducting circuits, circuit QED, quantum sensing, quantum capaci- tance, 3D cavity, bosonic codes, noise radar, instrumentation, supraledande kretsar, krets QED, kvantavkänning, kvantkapacitans, 3D ka- vitet, bosonic codes, brusradar, mätinstrument
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Research subject
Physics, Material and Nano Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-341578 (URN)978-91-8040-810-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-01-31, FA32 Albanova, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Note

QC 2023-12-22

Available from: 2023-12-22 Created: 2023-12-22 Last updated: 2024-01-03Bibliographically approved

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Tholen, Mats O.Borgani, RiccardoDi Carlo, Giuseppe RuggeroHaviland, David B.

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