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An Experimental Investigation of the Solid State Sintering of Cemented Carbides Aiming for Mechanical Constitutive Modelling
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics, Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7644-7077
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics, Solid Mechanics. Sandvik Coromant AB, R&D, SE-12680 Vastberga, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8653-393x
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8797-4585
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics, Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6232-8819
2023 (English)In: Crystals, ISSN 2073-4352, Vol. 13, no 6, article id 978Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The densification of cemented carbides during sintering was studied using an existing constitutive model based on powder particle size and material composition. In the present analysis, we study how well the constitutive model can capture the experimental results of a dilatometer test. Three experiments were performed, where the only difference was the transition between the debinding and sintering process. From magnetic measurements, it is concluded that the carbon level in the specimen is affected by changes to the experimental setup. It is shown, using parameter adjustments, that the constitutive model is more suited for a certain experimental setup and carbon level, which is a limitation of the model. In order to capture the mechanical behaviour under different experimental conditions, further constitutive modelling relevant to the carbon level is recommended.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI , 2023. Vol. 13, no 6, article id 978
Keywords [en]
cemented carbide, solid-state sintering, dilatometer experiment, constitutive modelling, carbon influence
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-331696DOI: 10.3390/cryst13060978ISI: 001014148800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85163848865OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-331696DiVA, id: diva2:1782475
Note

QC 20230714

Available from: 2023-07-14 Created: 2023-07-14 Last updated: 2025-11-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. On the Mechanics of Sintering of Hardmetal Powders
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the Mechanics of Sintering of Hardmetal Powders
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Powder metallurgy is used in the manufacturing of cutting tool inserts to achieve the desired material properties. Tungsten carbide, WC, mixed with a metallic binder, such as Cobalt, Co, is a common cemented carbide used for cutting tool inserts. In large scale production, the powder is pressed and sintered. During the manufacturing process, the volume of the cutting tool significantly decreases. During the sintering process, very little can be done to change the final shape, and the shrinkage during sintering must be accounted for during pressing. This thesis will investigate the mechanical modeling of shrinkage that occurs in the sintering process.

The constitutive model at issue can capture the isothermal stage in the sintering process and can be adjusted to a specific powder. To increase its usability, a sensitivity analysis was performed in Paper A to determine if all parameters must be determined when using a new powder mixture. It was found that some of the parameters were more sensitive than others when optimizing parameters using experimental results. The less sensitive parameters could be constant, reducing the number of necessary experiments to determine all adjustable parameters. 

The different stages of sintering were also investigated in Paper A, where the model had difficulty describing the shrinkage both in the initial stage and in the liquid phase, where the Cobalt starts to melt. The latter was expected, since the constitutive model was explicitly developed for the solid stage of sintering.

To evaluate the model, all the experiments were performed on a specific WC-Co powder blend. For adherence to match the industrial process for cutting tools made from this powder, the debinding phase was included early in the sintering cycle. This was not done in the previous development of the sintering model. The influence of the debinding process was experimentally investigated in Paper B, where it was shown that the shrinkage, as well as the final microstructure, is influenced by the exclusion of the debinding stage. 

In Paper C, multiple dilatometer and sintering furnace experiments were performed to further develop the model. Complements to the initial stage and liquid phase were introduced, and the effect of changing the initial density, post-compaction, was investigated. Different sintering cycles were used to ensure the robustness of the constitutive parameters of the model. The deviatoric influence was tuned with bending experiments. 

To verify the model, Paper D compares simulations to experiments. This was done using two different press dies, where the same amount of powder was pressed to different heights. The powder blanks were sintered to different maximum temperatures and measured. The compaction and sintering process was simulated and compared to the experimental values, showing that the sintering model captured the process well. A sintering furnace was used, where one of the sintering cycles was representative of the industrial production of cutting tools.  

Abstract [sv]

Pulvermetallurgi används vid tillverkning av vändskär för att uppnå de önskade materialegenskaperna. Volframkarbid, WC, blandat med ett metalliskt bindemedel, som exempelvis Kobolt, Co, är en vanlig hårdmetall att tillverka skär av. Vid storskalig produktion är pressning och sintring vanliga, och vid dessa tillverkningsprocesser sker en signifikant volymminskning. Under sintringssteget är möjligheten att påverka den slutgiltiga formen begränsad varför man redan vid pressning behöver ta hänsyn till den krympning som kommer att ske under sintringen. I denna avhandling kommer modellering av krympning under sintring att undersökas.

Den utvalda konstitutiva modellen kan fånga isotermiska delar av sintringsprocessen och har parametrar som går att anpassa för specifika pulversammansättningar. För att förenkla användningen av modellen utfördes en känslighetsanalys i Artikel A. Denna visade att när anpassningsbara parametrar ska justeras till en ny pulversammansättning kan vissa av de mindre känsliga hållas konstanta för att förenkla optimering.

Sintringens olika stadier undersöktes också i Artikel A. Modellen hade svårigheter att fånga krympningen både under den initiala fasen av sintring, samt i smältfassintringen. Det sistnämnda var förväntat, eftersom den konstitutiva modellen från början var specifikt utvecklad för fastfassintring.

För att begränsa osäkerheter vid modellutvärderingen utfördes alla experiment för en specifik sammansättning av WC-Co pulver. För att bättre representera det industriella förloppet vid skärtillverkning med detta pulver inkluderades även avdrivning (då pressmedlet avdunstar) i experimentet. Detta var inte inkluderat i den ursprungliga konstitutiva modellen, och effekten av avdrivningssteget i sintringsprocessen undersöktes experimentellt i Artikel B. Här visades att både krympningen och den slutgiltiga mikrostrukturen påverkas av att inte inkludera avdrivningen i sintringscykeln.

I Artikel C utfördes ytterligare experiment, både med dilatometer och i sintringsugn, för att vidareutveckla modellen. Kompletteringar gjordes både för att ta hänsyn till avdrivning i sintringens initiala fas, samt i smältfasen. Vidare undersöktes effekten av att förändra pulvrets initiala densitet, efter pressning. För att öka modellens robusthet användes olika sintringscykler vid framtagandet av modellens konstitutiva parametrar. Inflytandet av deviatorisk spänning justerades med hjälp av böjexperiment.

För verifiering av modellen jämfördes i Artikel D simuleringar med experiment för olika geometrier. Detta gjordes med två olika pressformar, som pressade samma mängd pulver, men till olika höjder. Dessa sintrades till olika temperaturer och mättes därefter. Kompakterings- och sintringsprocessen simulerades och jämfördes med experimentens resultat, med mycket god överensstämmelse. En sintringsugn användes, där en av sintringscyklerna efterliknande vad som används vid industriell sintring. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:61
Keywords
Cemented carbide, Constitutive modelling, Sintering, Powder metallurgy, Hårdmetall, Konstitutiv modellering, Sintring, Pulvermetallurgi
National Category
Applied Mechanics Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Solid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373254 (URN)978-91-8106-452-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-12-18, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64470725679, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC251125

Available from: 2025-11-25 Created: 2025-11-25 Last updated: 2025-12-09Bibliographically approved

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Rosenblad, LouiseStaf, HjalmarLarsson, HenrikLarsson, Per-Lennart

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