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Genome-wide spatial expression profiling in formalin-fixed tissues
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Gene Technology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0353-2101
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Gene Technology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4209-2911
KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Gene Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0554-080x
KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Gene Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5869-3485
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Number of Authors: 172021 (English)In: Cell Genomics, E-ISSN 2666-979X, Vol. 1, no 3, article id 100065Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Formalin-fixed paraffin embedding (FFPE) is the most widespread long-term tissue preservation approach. Here, we report a procedure to perform genome-wide spatial analysis of mRNA in FFPE-fixed tissue sections, using well-established, commercially available methods for imaging and spatial barcoding using slides spotted with barcoded oligo(dT) probes to capture the 3′ end of mRNA molecules in tissue sections. We applied this method for expression profiling and cell type mapping in coronal sections from the mouse brain to demonstrate the method's capability to delineate anatomical regions from a molecular perspective. We also profiled the spatial composition of transcriptomic signatures in two ovarian carcinosarcoma samples, exemplifying the method's potential to elucidate molecular mechanisms in heterogeneous clinical samples. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the assay to characterize human lung and kidney organoids and a human lung biopsy specimen infected with SARS-CoV-2. We anticipate that genome-wide spatial gene expression profiling in FFPE biospecimens will be used for retrospective analysis of biobank samples, which will facilitate longitudinal studies of biological processes and biomarker discovery.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2021. Vol. 1, no 3, article id 100065
Keywords [en]
COVID-19, FFPE, genome-wide, mouse brain, organoids, ovarian carcinosarcoma, PFA, SARS-CoV-2, spatial transcriptomics, Visium
National Category
Cancer and Oncology Cell and Molecular Biology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-331727DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2021.100065Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85126047493OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-331727DiVA, id: diva2:1782478
Note

QC 20230714

Available from: 2023-07-14 Created: 2023-07-14 Last updated: 2026-01-26Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Advancing Spatial Transcriptomics: From Method Development to Biological Insights
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Advancing Spatial Transcriptomics: From Method Development to Biological Insights
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) revolutionized the study of gene expression within tissue sections, yet its application to clinically relevant material has remained limited by technical constraints related to sample characteristics and RNA quality. This thesis advances the use of spatial transcriptomics by establishing frameworks for profiling archival clinical specimens, ensuring tissue quality prior to ST, and combining spatial data and other complementary modalities to reveal the cellular, molecular and immune-clonal architecture of human cancer.

In Article I, we developed a method that adapted genome-wide spatial transcriptomics to formalinfixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples, which constitute the vast majority of clinical specimens, unlocking their potential. The workflow was validated on mouse brain tissue, showing high correlation with matched fresh-frozen data, and then applied on other various tissues to show its robustness across sample types. This development expanded spatial transcriptomics to previously inaccessible FFPE material. We also developed a TSO-based QC assay to assess spatial RNA accessibility directly in FFPE tissue sections, minimizing the risk of failed or biased spatial transcriptomics analysis.

In Article II, we developed an assay that enables evaluation of RNA integrity directly within tissue sections, the spatial RNA integrity number (sRIN) assay. Traditional RIN values are obtained from bulk tissue and therefore cannot reveal local variability in RNA quality. sRIN was developed as a practical quality-control step allowing users to identify well-preserved versus degraded regions before committing to costly downstream experiments.

In Article III, we analyzed genomic and clinical data from phase III melanoma trials and used NMF to define seven melanoma subtypes reflecting distinct differentiation states. By integrating bulk, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomics, we showed that these states coexist within tumors. Our analyses revealed that only differentiated melanoma becomes sensitized to immune checkpoint blockade therapy when combined with BRAF/MEK inhibition through enhanced antigen presentation, whereas undifferentiated states remain resistant, colocalize with CAF-rich niches, and could potentially be targeted by CDK7 inhibitors.

In Article IV, we combined single-cell RNA-seq, spatial transcriptomics and spatial V(D)J profiling to characterize the spatial and clonal organization of the immune landscape of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC). Although immune infiltration was extensive, T- and B- cell clones were found preferentially within antigen presenting cell -rich stromal and peritumoral niches rather than undifferentiated tumor areas. We identified diverse CD8+ T-cell activation states that followed a bifurcated differentiation trajectory, and we also found an unusually large population of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), many expressing CXCR3 and TBX21 (T-bet). Integration of spatial gene expression with sV(D)J associated immune diversification and clonal expansion with CAF-associated matrix remodeling programs and interferon-activated antigen presenting cell programs. CXCL9+/CXCL10+ macrophages were found as drivers of lymphocyte recruitment and IDO1+ regulatory dendritic cells as immunosuppressive within the same niches.

Abstract [sv]

Spatial transkriptomik (ST) har revolutionerat studiet av genuttryck i vävnadssnitt, men dess till-lämpning på kliniskt relevant material har länge begränsats av tekniska hinder kopplade till provets egenskaper och RNA-kvalitet. Denna avhandling utvecklar användningen av spatial transkriptomik genom att etablera ramverk för profilering av arkiverade kliniska prov, säkerställa vävnadskvalitet före ST och kombinera spatiala data med andra kompletterande modaliteter för att belysa den cellulära, molekylära och immun-klonala arkitekturen i human cancer.

I Artikel I utvecklade vi en metod som anpassade genomomfattande spatial transkriptomik till formalinfixerade paraffininkapslade (FFPE) prover, vilka utgör majoriteten av kliniska vävnader, och därmed frigjorde deras potential. Arbetsflödet validerades på mus-hjärnvävnad, där vi observerade hög korrelation med motsvarande färskfrusna data, och tillämpades därefter på olika andra vävnadstyper för att visa metodens robusthet. Denna utveckling utökade ST till tidigare otillgängligt FFPE-material. Vi utvecklade även ett TSO-baserat QC-test för att bedöma rumslig RNA-tillgänglighet direkt i FFPE-vävnadssnitt, vilket minimerar risken för misslyckad eller snedvriden ST-analys.

I Artikel II utvecklade vi ett test som möjliggör bedömning av RNA-integritet direkt i vävnadssnitt – det spatiala RNA-integritetsnumret (sRIN). Traditionella RIN-värden erhålls från bulkvävnad och kan därför inte avslöja lokal variation i RNA-kvalitet. sRIN utvecklades som ett praktiskt kvalitetskontrollsteg som gör det möjligt att identifiera välbevarade respektive degraderade regioner innan man investerar i kostsamma efterföljande experiment.

I Artikel III analyserade vi genomiska och kliniska data från fas III-studier på melanom och använde NMF för att definiera sju melanomsubtyper som återspeglar distinkta differentieringsstadier. Genom att integrera bulk-, enkelcells- och spatial transkriptomik visade vi att dessa tillstånd samexisterar inom tumörer. Våra analyser visade att endast differentierat melanom blir känsligt för immuncheckpoint-blockad när behandlingen kombineras med BRAF/MEK-hämning via ökad antigenpresentation, medan odifferentierade tillstånd förblir resistenta, samlokaliserar med CAFrika nischer och potentiellt kan riktas med CDK7-hämmare.

I Artikel IV kombinerade vi enkelcells-RNA-sekvensering, spatial transkriptomik och långläsande spatial V(D)J-sekvensering för att karaktärisera immunlandskapet i sinonasalt skivepitelcarcinom (SNSCC). Vi identifierade olika CD8⁺ T-cellsaktiveringsstadier och en ovanligt stor population av FOXP3⁺ regulatoriska T-celler, många med uttryck av CXCR3 och TBX21 (T-bet). Integrering av spatialt genuttryck med sV(D)J kopplade immun diversifiering och klonal expansion till CAF-associerade matrix-remodelleringsprogram och interferonaktiverade antigenpresenterande cellprogram. CXCL9⁺/CXCL10⁺ makrofager identifierades som drivande för lymfocytrekrytering, medan IDO1⁺ regulatoriska dendritiska celler utgjorde immunsuppressiva komponenter inom samma nischer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 100
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:4
Keywords
Spatial Transcriptomics, FFPE, formalin-fixed, gene expression, RNA, transcriptomic profiling, cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, sinonasal cancer, SNSCC, HNSCC, sRIN, immunotherapy, spatial VDJ, spatial V(D)J, Treg, clonal organization, immune cell profiling, TSO, PFA, covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, lung, CAF, organoid, BRAF/MEK, CD8, CD4, lymphocyte, CXCL9, CXCL9, IDO1
National Category
Genetics and Genomics Cancer and Oncology Medical Biotechnology (Focus on Cell Biology, (incl. Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy) Natural Sciences Clinical Medicine
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375907 (URN)978-91-8106-521-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-02-19, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62067477344, Air & Fire, Scilifelab, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Solna, 13:00 (English)
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QC 20260126

Available from: 2026-01-26 Created: 2026-01-26 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved

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Villacampa, Eva GraciaLarsson, LudvigMirzazadeh, RezaKvastad, LindaAndersson, AlmaMollbrink, AnnelieLundeberg, Joakim

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