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Reagentless Acid–Base Titration for Alkalinity Detection in Seawater
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7941-2312
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5377-0744
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3858-8466
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2021 (English)In: Analytical Chemistry, ISSN 0003-2700, E-ISSN 1520-6882, Vol. 93, no 42, p. 14130-14137Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Herein, we report on a reagentless electroanalytical methodology for automatized acid–base titrations of water samples that are confined into very thin spatial domains. The concept is based on the recent discovery from our group (Wiorek, A. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 14951−14959), in which polyaniline (PANI) films were found to be an excellent material to release a massive charge of protons in a short time, achieving hence the efficient (and controlled) acidification of a sample. We now demonstrate and validate the analytical usefulness of this approach with samples collected from the Baltic Sea: the titration protocol indeed acts as an alkalinity sensor via the calculation of the proton charge needed to reach pH 4.0 in the sample, as per the formal definition of the alkalinity parameter. In essence, the alkalinity sensor is based on the linear relationship found between the released charge from the PANI film and the bicarbonate concentration in the sample (i.e., the way to express alkalinity measurements). The observed alkalinity in the samples presented a good agreement with the values obtained by manual (classical) acid–base titrations (discrepancies <10%). Some crucial advantages of the new methodology are that titrations are completed in less than 1 min (end point), the PANI film can be reused at least 74 times over a 2 week period (<5% of decrease in the released charge), and the utility of the PANI film to even more decrease the final pH of the sample (pH ∼2) toward applications different from alkalinity detection. Furthermore, the acidification can be accomplished in a discrete or continuous mode depending on the application demands. The new methodology is expected to impact the future digitalization of in situ acid–base titrations to obtain high-resolution data on alkalinity in water resources.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2021. Vol. 93, no 42, p. 14130-14137
National Category
Analytical Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-335369DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02545ISI: 000711718700015PubMedID: 34652903Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85118280764OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-335369DiVA, id: diva2:1794482
Funder
Swedish Research Council, VR-2017-4887Swedish Research Council, VR-2019-04142
Note

QC 20230906

Available from: 2023-09-05 Created: 2023-09-05 Last updated: 2023-09-06Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Solving Analytical Challenges with Thin Layer Electrochemistry
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Solving Analytical Challenges with Thin Layer Electrochemistry
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The decentralization of chemical sensing to attain environmental-related information is today highly desirable to increase the knowledge on biological or geological events as well as effluents. The current state of the field moves toward submersible probes; chemical sensors implemented into submersible devices for quantifying analytes over extended times. However, many sensors are still not robust enough for such applications. Additionally, the detections of most analytes require reagent addition and other steps before analysis (i.e., pre-treatments). For such analyses to be implemented in decentralized measurements, it would be beneficial to find reagentless approaches to modify samples and avoid waste associated with the reagent addition. This thesis aimed to develop such strategies using different solid materials capable of imposing ion-transfer events (actuators) under electrochemical control, to achieve measuring the analytes in the same sample using chemical sensors. Both actuators and sensors were jointly employed in thin layer (or near thin layer) samples, inside newly designed 3D-printed cells. This allowed for small sample volumes (ca 100 µm thicknesses) down to 0.5 µL to be analyzed, and resulted in fast, non-diffusion limited measurements that facilitated the sensor-actuator concepts. 

First, acidification of thin layer samples using polyaniline (PANI) was investigated. By electrochemical oxidation of PANI, its molecular structure changed resulting in hydrogen ions (acid) being delivered to the thin layer sample within two minutes or less, shifting its pH from ca 8 down to 2–3. By combining PANI and pH-sensors, reliable detection of alkalinity in real and artificial water samples could be achieved for a period of two weeks and possibly more. Also, by combining the PANI-based acidification with planar optodes capable of measuring pH or CO2 with high spatial resolution, buffer capacity or dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) gradients could be resolved in a 2D domain with sub-mm resolution. PANI-based acidification was tested for sensing several environmental samples, including freshwater plants, brackish water, seawater, and soil, presenting great versatility in analytical performance. 

Second, a concept of selective deionization of thin layer samples was developed. The importance of such a concept is related to the selectivity of ion-based measurements, where ions such as Li+ or NH4+ are difficult to detect in real samples because of interfering ions increasing their limit of detection (LOD). Non-faradic processes were explored to remove such interferents by using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for modulating the ion transfer with the sample. To facilitate selective deionization to only remove one ion species, the CNTs were covered with ultra-thin ion-selective membranes (ISMs; ca 200 nm thick). The tandem of CNTs-ISM was found to be capable of selectively removing multiple different cations, proven with the monitoring from both potentiometric sensors and optodes additionally implemented into the thin layer sample. Overall, the CNTs-ISM tandem shows great promise for lowering the LOD of chemical sensors in complex matrixes such as biological or environmental samples, which could aid to decentralized measurements in the future.

Abstract [sv]

Införandet av kemiska sensorer för decentraliserade mätningar utanför laboratoriemiljö är idag eftersträvat för att öka kunskaperna kring människans påverkan på naturen, samt för att öka förståelsen kring biologiska och geologiska händelseförlopp i naturen. Idag riktas mycket fokus inom den analytiska kemin på att utveckla kemiska sensorer som kan kopplas på nedsänkbara sonder och direkt mäta halter av ämnen i naturliga vatten över en längre tid. De flesta kemiska sensorer som har utvecklats idag är dessvärre inte robusta nog för längre mätningar, och vissa ämnen kan inte mätas utan reagens tillförs provet. En lösning till denna utmaning skulle vara att finna reagenslösa lösningar för att justera provernas sammansättning inför analys. Denna avhandling hade som mål att utveckla sådana metodologier baserade på material vilka kan styra jontransporter under elektrokemisk kontroll (aktuatorer), samtidigt som deras förmåga att modulera dessa har kvantifierats med kemiska sensorer. Både aktuatorer och sensorer implementerades i tunnskiktsprover i 3D-printade celler. Detta medförde att mycket små volymer av prover (ca 100 µm tunna prover) ned till ca 0.5 µL kunde analyseras, vilket resulterade i snabba mätningar som inte var begränsade av diffusionen.

Först undersöktes materialet polyanilin (PANI) för att justera pH i tunnskiktsprover. När den elektrokemiska potentialen skiftar för PANI så ändras dess molekylära struktur, vilket leder till att vätejoner (syre) bindningar släps från materialet till tunnskiktsprovet, vilket sänker dess pH från ca 8 ner till 2-3. I kombination med en pH-elektrod i tunnskiktsprover kunde tillförlitliga alkalinitet-mätningar utföras i riktiga och artificiella prover över en period av två veckor, och möjligen ännu längre. Genom att kombinera PANI-försurningen med plana optoder som kunde mäta pH och CO2 med hög bildupplösning kunde koncentrationer av buffertkapacitet och totalt oorganiskt kol (DIC) mätas i 2D med en hög upplösning (mm>). Den PANI-baserade försurningen testades i diverse prover; på färskvatten växter, i bräckt vatten, havsvatten och i jordprover, vilket påvisar dess exceptionellt mångsidiga analytiska prestation.

Därefter utvecklades konceptet för selektiv avjonisering av tunnskiktsprover. Detta koncept är extra intressant när den ställs i kontexten att vissa jonmätningar inte kan utföras på grund utav att de störs ut av interferenser i provet vilket höjer deras detektionsgränser (LOD), vilket är fallet för Li+ och NH4+-sensorer. Icke-Faradiska processer utforskades baserade på kolnanorör (CNTs) för att modulera jonöverföringar. För att uppnå selektivitet för att avlägsna enbart en jonart så täcktes CNTs med ultra-tunna jonselektiva membran (ISMs; ca 200 nm). Resultaten påvisade att det är möjligt att selektivt avjonisera prov genom denna CNT-ISM tandem, och flera olika joner påvisades möjliga att undergå denna process med hjälp av potentiometriska sensorer och optoder implementerade i den 3D-printade tunnskiktscellen. Överlag visar denna CNTs-ISM tandem potential för att kunna sänka LODs för sensorer i komplexa matriser, såsom biologiska och miljöprover, vilket skulle kunna bidra till decentraliserade mätningar i framtiden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 84
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:35
Keywords
Thin Layer Electrochemistry, Polyaniline, Carbon nanotubes, Ion-selective electrodes, Ionophores, Electrochemical Sensors, Alkalinity, Deionization, Chemical Imaging, Tunnskiktselektrokemi, polyanilin, kolnanorör, jonselektiva elektroder, jonoforer, elektrokemiska sensorer, Alkalinitet, avjonisering, chemical imaging
National Category
Analytical Chemistry Materials Chemistry Physical Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-335376 (URN)978-91-8040-666-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-10-06, F3, Lindstedsvägen 26, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 20230906

Available from: 2023-09-06 Created: 2023-09-05 Last updated: 2025-10-29Bibliographically approved

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Wiorek, AlexanderHussain, GhulamMolina Osorio, Andres F.Cuartero, MariaCrespo, Gaston A.

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