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Controlling an Underactuated AUV as an Inverted Pendulum using Nonlinear Model Predictive Control and Behavior Trees
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5839-5573
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7542-3225
2023 (English)In: Proceedings: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Agile and hydrobatic maneuvering capabilities can enhance AUV operations in increasingly challenging scenarios. In this paper, we explore the ability of an underactuated AUV to transition to and hold a pitch angle close to 90 degrees at a particular depth, like an inverted pendulum. Holding such an orientation can be valuable in observing a calving glacier, under-ice launch and recovery, underwater docking, inspecting vertical structures, and observing targets above the water surface. However, such control is challenging because of underactuation, rapid response times and varying stability in different configurations. To address this, a control policy is derived offline using nonlinear MPC in a high-fidelity simulation environment in Simulink. For real-time control, a hybrid controller using a behavior tree (BT) is developed based on the optimal MPC policy and applied on the AUV system. The BT controller considers Safety, Transit and Stabilize behaviors. The control algorithm is validated with simulations in Simulink and Stonefish-ROS as well as field experiments with the hydrobatic SAM AUV, showing repeatable performance in the inverted pendulum maneuver.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023.
National Category
Robotics and automation
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-336519DOI: 10.1109/ICRA48891.2023.10160926ISI: 001048371104055Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85168685219OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-336519DiVA, id: diva2:1796479
Conference
2023 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, ICRA 2023, London, United Kingdom, 29 May - 2 June, 2023
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Note

QC 20230915

Available from: 2023-09-12 Created: 2023-09-12 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Hydrobatics: Real-time Control, Simulation and Learning for Underactuated AUVs in Agile Maneuvers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hydrobatics: Real-time Control, Simulation and Learning for Underactuated AUVs in Agile Maneuvers
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The term hydrobatics refers to the agile maneuvering of underwater vehicles. Underwater robots such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are either designed as flight style, optimized for range and speed, or hover style, optimized for precise maneuverability. Hydrobatic capabilities can help balance efficiency and maneuverability in these platforms, enabling innovative robot designs for impact areas in environmental monitoring, ocean production and security. This dissertation addresses technical challenges related to hydrobatic AUVs and contributes to new knowledge in real-time control, simulation, learning and planning. 

Hydrobatic AUVs are underactuated systems --- new strategies using nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) and behavior trees (BTs) are presented for efficient and safe real-time control of underactuated AUVs in agile maneuvers. Further, the flow around an AUV during such maneuvers transitions from laminar to turbulent flow at high angles of attack, rendering flight dynamics modelling difficult. A full 0-360 degree envelope flight dynamics model is therefore derived, which combines a multi-fidelity hydrodynamic database with a generalized component-buildup approach. Such a model enables real-time (or near real-time) simulations of hydrobatic maneuvers including loops, helices and tight turns. To increase the intelligence and robustness of such systems, data driven methods including physics-informed learning, Gaussian processes, sparse regression  and reinforcement learning are utilized to rapidly identify models of the system's dynamics and perform online adaptive control. To further enhance autonomy, informative path planning is also studied, where an adaptive sampling strategy combines AUV measurements and satellite data to track ocean fronts.

These hydrobatic capabilities are safely brought to the real world through a cyber-physical system (CPS). Simulator environments are closely integrated with the robotic system, enabling pre-validation of controllers and software before hardware deployment. The small and hydrobatic SAM AUV (SAM: Small and Affordable Maritime robot) developed in-house at KTH as part of the Swedish Maritime Robotics Centre (SMaRC) is used as a test platform. The CPS concept is demonstrated with the SAM AUV in applications including detecting underwater targets, inspecting seaweed farm infrastructure and tracking algal blooms using the presented simulation, planning and control strategies.

Abstract [sv]

Hydrobatik avser förmågan att utföra avancerade manövrar med undervattensfarkoster. Undervattensrobotar som autonoma undervattensfarkoster (AUV) är antingen optimerade för räckvidd och hastighet, eller optimerade för precisionsmanövrering. Hydrobatiska kapaciteter kan hjälpa till att balansera effektivitet och manövrerbarhet på dessa plattformar. Hydrobatik möjliggör innovativ robotdesign inom tre nyttoområden --- miljöövervakning, havsproduktion och säkerhet.I denna avhandling undersöks fördelar och tekniska utmaningar relaterade till hydrobatik. Avhandlingen bidrar till ny kunskap kring reglering, simulering, lärande och ruttplanering. Vidare tillämpas denna kunskap inom experiment av dessa robotar i realistiska scenarier.

Inom nämnda nyttoområden har ett antal scenarios identifierats där en kombination av manövrerbarhet samt räckvidd är avgörande för robotens förmåga att utföra sin uppgift. För att åstadkomma detta måste viktiga tekniska utmaningar lösas. För det första har dessa AUVer färre styrytor/trustrar än frihetsgrader, vilket leder till utmaning med underaktuering. Lösningsstrategier baserade på ickelinjär modelprediktiv kontroll (MPC) och beteendeträd (BTs) presenteras för effektiv och säker realtidskontroll av underaktuarande AUV:er i smidiga manövrar. För det andra är flödet runt en AUV som genomför hydrobatiska manövrar komplext. Övergången från laminärt till starkt turbulent flöde vid höga anfallsvinklar gör flygdynamikmodellering svår. En full 0-360 graders flygdynamikmodell härleds därför, vilken kombinerar en multi-tillförlitlighets hydrodynamisk databas med en generaliserad strategi för komponentvis-superpositionering av laster. Detta möjliggör prediktering av hydrobatiska manövrar som t.ex.  looping, roll, spiraler och väldigt snäva svängradier i realtids- eller nära realtids-simuleringar. För att öka intelligensen och robustheten hos sådana system används datadrivna metoder inklusive fysikinformerad inlärning, Gaussiska processer, sparsam regression och förstärkningsinlärning för att snabbt identifiera dynamiska modeller och utföra adaptiv kontroll i realtid. För att ytterligare förbättra autonomin studeras också informativ ruttplanering, där en adaptiv provtagningsstrategi kombinerar AUV-mätningar och satellitdata för att följa och mäta algblomningar och havsfrontar.

Dessa hydrobatiska förmågor överförs på ett säkert sätt till den verkliga världen genom ett cyberfysiskt system (CPS). Simulatormiljöer är integrerade med robotsystemet, vilket möjliggör förvalidering av styrenheter och mjukvara innan hårdvaruinstallation. Den lilla och hydrobatiska AUV:n SAM (SAM: Small and Affordable Maritime robot), egenutvecklad på KTH som en del av Swedish Maritime Robotics Centre, används som testplattform. CPS-konceptet demonstreras under fältförhållanden med SAM AUV. Applikationer inkluderar sökuppdrag av ett nedsänkt föremål, inspektioner av infrastruktur för havsbruk samt spårning av algblomning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 84
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:44
Keywords
utonomous Underwater Vehicles, Underactuated Systems, Model Predictive Control, Hybrid Systems, Simulation, System Identification, Adaptive Sampling, Cyber-physical Systems., Autonoma Undervattensfarkoster (AUV), Modellering, Simulering, Modelprediktiv kontroll(MPC), Systemidentifiering, Adaptiv mätning, Fältförsök, Cyber-fysikaliska System(CPS).
National Category
Robotics and automation
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-336526 (URN)978-91-8040-684-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-10-06, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65770305868, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Available from: 2023-09-13 Created: 2023-09-12 Last updated: 2026-02-27Bibliographically approved

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Bhat, SriharshaStenius, Ivan

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