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Learning Cellular Coverage from Real Network Configurations using GNNs
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Theoretical Computer Science, TCS. Ericsson Research, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0866-8342
Ericsson Research, Stockholm, Sweden.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Software and Computer systems, SCS.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4516-7317
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Theoretical Computer Science, TCS.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5211-112X
2023 (English)In: 2023 IEEE 97th Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC 2023-Spring - Proceedings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Cellular coverage quality estimation has been a critical task for self-organized networks. In real-world scenarios, deep-learning-powered coverage quality estimation methods cannot scale up to large areas due to little ground truth can be provided during network design & optimization. In addition, they fall short in producing expressive embeddings to adequately capture the variations of the cells' configurations. To deal with this challenge, we formulate the task in a graph representation and so that we can apply state-of-the-art graph neural networks, that show exemplary performance. We propose a novel training framework that can both produce quality cell configuration embeddings for estimating multiple KPIs, while we show it is capable of generalising to large (area-wide) scenarios given very few labeled cells. We show that our framework yields comparable accuracy with models that have been trained using massively labeled samples.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023.
Keywords [en]
Cellular Coverage Estimation, Few-shot Learning, Graph Neural Network, Self-supervised Learning
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-336725DOI: 10.1109/VTC2023-Spring57618.2023.10199469ISI: 001054797200081Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85169786270OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-336725DiVA, id: diva2:1798605
Conference
97th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC 2023-Spring, Florence, Italy, Jun 20 2023 - Jun 23 2023
Note

Part of ISBN 9798350311143

QC 20230919

Available from: 2023-09-19 Created: 2023-09-19 Last updated: 2025-12-08Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Generalizable Representation for Wireless Networks Optimization through Native Graph Topology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Generalizable Representation for Wireless Networks Optimization through Native Graph Topology
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Graph representation learning has become a powerful paradigm for modeling structured data, enabling machine learning systems to reason over relationships, spatial dependencies, and topological patterns. However, its potential in wireless networks remains underexplored, particularly in learning native representations of complex and dynamic wireless environments. This thesis addresses the challenge of applying graph representation learning (such as graph neural networks and transformer architectures) to wireless systems, where topology, domain heuristics, and physical constraints critically impact optimization performance and generalization.

The core problem investigated is how to construct and exploit graph representations that faithfully encode the native structure of wireless networks to enable scalable, topology-aware optimization. This includes coverage relations, interference patterns, and environment-specific propagation effects. Existing solutions in wireless machine learning often overlook these structural priors, resulting in brittle models that generalize poorly across different network deployments.

This thesis introduces a graph-centric methodology to bridge this gap. By representing wireless elements—such as base stations, links, and coverage zones as nodes and their interactions as graph edges, we develop learning architectures that integrate attention mechanisms, domain-aware features, and physics-inspired constraints. Four studies demonstrate the approach across key tasks: routing latency prediction, antenna tilt optimization, real-time radio coverage estimation, and neural ray tracing for link-level modeling.

Our results suggest that these graph-based models significantly outperform traditional baselines, achieving near-simulator accuracy with improved generalization across unseen topologies and user scenarios. They also uncover a correspondence between engineering practices and graph spectral properties, offering a new lens for understanding network design. The proposed methods reduce supervision needs and support scalable deployment across variable network configurations.

Overall, this thesis establishes graph representation learning as a foundational tool for wireless intelligence, enabling structure-informed, optimization-driven modeling across diverse network conditions. These advances pave the way towards future wireless foundation models capable of supporting a wide range of optimization, sensing, and decision-making tasks with minimal retraining.

Abstract [sv]

Inlärning av grafrepresentation har blivit ett kraftfullt paradigm för modellering av strukturerad data, vilket gör det möjligt för maskininlärningssystem att resonera kring relationer, rumsliga beroenden och topologiska mönster. Dess potential inom trådlösa nätverk är dock fortfarande underutforskad, särskilt när det gäller att lära sig nativa representationer av komplexa och dynamiska trådlösa miljöer. Denna avhandling tar upp utmaningen att tillämpa inlärning av grafrepresentation – såsom grafiska neurala nätverk och transformatorarkitekturer – på trådlösa system, där topologi, domänheuristik och fysiska begränsningar kritiskt påverkar optimeringsprestanda och generalisering.

Det centrala problemet som undersöks är hur man konstruerar och utnyttjar grafrepresentationer som troget kodar den nativa strukturen i trådlösa nätverk för att möjliggöra skalbar, topologimedveten optimering. Detta inkluderar optimering av täckningsrelationer, interferensmönster och miljöspecifika utbredningseffekter. Befintliga lösningar inom trådlös maskininlärning förbiser ofta dessa strukturella förutsättningar, vilket resulterar i sköra modeller som generaliserar dåligt över implementeringar och erbjuder begränsad återanvändbarhet.

Denna avhandling introducerar en grafcentrerad metod för att överbrygga detta gap. Genom att representera trådlösa element – såsom basstationer, länkar och täckningszoner – som noder, och deras interaktioner som grafkanter, utvecklar vi inlärningsarkitekturer som integrerar uppmärksamhetsmekanismer, domänmedvetna funktioner och fysikinspirerade begränsningar. Fyra studier demonstrerar denna metod för viktiga trådlösa optimeringsuppgifter: förutsägelse av routinglatens, antennlutningskonfiguration, realtidsuppskattning av radiotäckning och neural strålspårning för modellering på länknivå.

Våra resultat visar att dessa grafbaserade modeller avsevärt överträffar traditionella baslinjer och uppnår nästan simulatornoggrannhet med förbättrad generalisering över osynliga topologier och användarscenarier. De avslöjar också korrespondenser mellan tekniska designmönster och grafspektralegenskaper, vilket erbjuder en ny lins för att förstå och optimera nätverksbeteende. De föreslagna metoderna minskar övervakningsbehovet och stöder skalbar distribution över variabla nätverkskonfigurationer.

Sammantaget etablerar denna avhandling grafrepresentationsinlärning som ett grundläggande verktyg för trådlös intelligens – vilket möjliggör strukturinformerad, optimeringsdriven modellering över olika nätverksförhållanden. Dessa framsteg banar väg för framtida trådlösa grundmodeller som kan stödja ett brett spektrum av uppgifter inom optimering, avkänning och beslutsfattande med minimal omskolning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 58
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:88
Keywords
Graph neural network, Wireless network, Representation learning, 5G & B5G, Digital twins, Grafiskt neuralt nätverk, Trådlöst nätverk, Representationsinlärning, 5G & B5G, Digitala tvillingar
National Category
Engineering and Technology Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Computer Science; Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372589 (URN)978-91-8106-418-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-12-16, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20251111

Available from: 2025-11-11 Created: 2025-11-10 Last updated: 2025-12-02Bibliographically approved

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Jin, YifeiGirdzijauskas, ŠarunasGionis, Aristides

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