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Thermo-mechanical Assessment of Reactor Pressure Vessels of Light Water Reactors During Severe Accidents
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Power Safety.
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is one of the crucial safety barriers designed to isolate the reactor core, safeguarding against potential radioactive releases into the environment during a severe accident. The assessment of RPV behaviour and its failure is necessary to predict the characteristics of melt release into the reactor pit and succeeding ex-vessel accident progression.

This thesis aims to develop both the model and methodology in the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the RPV to predict its structural behaviour during postulated severe accidents. The improvement in the FE model starts from the material models for the material properties of the RPVs. Since the SA533B1 and 16MND5 carbon steels are considered the structural materials of the RPVs relevant to a Nordic Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) and a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), respectively, the material models for these two materials are established and subsequently validated against multiple tests. The simulations strictly adhere to the test conditions in the validation process. The observed agreement between the simulation and test results serves as a good foundation for subsequent analysis on the RPV applications.

A thermo-mechanical coupling approach is developed by coupling the ANSYS Mechanical APDL for the structural analysis of RPVs and MELCOR for defining boundary conditions. This approach can efficiently predict the RPV behaviour during accident scenarios, including deformation, stress and strain. Subsequently, the obtained results are subjected to a comprehensive failure analysis of RPVs with three failure criteria, namely melt-through, stress-based, and strain-based failure criteria. In addition, an advanced model in LS-DYNA is introduced to simulate the possible rupture phenomenon of RPVs during failure. 

The developed model and methodology are applied in structural analysis of the Nordic BWR and the PWR during severe accidents. The analysis results contribute to:

(i)              A benchmark specification in the EU-IVMR project WP2.4 conducted to investigate the effect of the ablated profile on RPV failure in numerical analysis;

 

(ii)            The feasibility of In-Vessel Retention (IVR) strategy mitigation analyzed for the RPV of a Nordic BWR in two severe accidents: a Station Blackout (SBO) and an SBO combined with a Loss-of-coolant Accident (SBO+LOCA); and 

 

(iii)          A comprehensive failure analysis for RPVs in a Nordic BWR carried out under the mentioned two severe accidents. The RPV lower plenum model is extended from the two-dimensional case for a standalone vessel wall to a three-dimensional case for a vessel wall with a cluster of IGT structures. This failure analysis aims to investigate the failure mechanism and timing for both vessel wall and IGTs, providing valuable insights into the possible earliest failure mode of RPV lower plenum for different reactor designs and severe accident scenarios.

Abstract [sv]

Reaktortanken utgör en central säkerhetskomponent som är utformad för att fungera som en barriär för att isolera och skydda reaktorhärden i händelse av ett allvarligt haveri, med syftet att förhindra eventuella radioaktiva utsläpp till miljön. För att förebygga och förutsäga händelseförloppet vid ett sådant scenario, krävs en grundlig bedömning av reaktortankens beteende och eventuella brott i dess struktur.

I denna avhandling har en modell och en metodik utvecklats i Finite Element Analyser (FEA) för att förbättra förståelsen av reaktortankens strukturella beteende under postulerade svåra haverier. Förbättringen av den använda modellen fokuserar på att korrekt beskriva materialegenskaperna hos de två relevanta reaktortankstålarna för de nordiska kokar – respektive tryckvattenreaktorer, SA533B1 och 16MND5. Denna konstitutiva modell har blivit noggrant validerad genom att jämföra dess resultat med flera experimentella tester, och överensstämmelsen mellan simuleringar och tester har styrkt dess tillförlitlighet.

För att kunna förutsäga reaktortankens beteende under olika svåra haveriscenarier, inklusive deformation, stress och belastning, har en termo-mekanisk kopplingsmetod utvecklats. Denna metod kopplar ANSYS Mechanical APDL för strukturanalys av reaktortanken med MELCOR för att definiera de nödvändiga randvillkoren. Resultaten av dessa analyser har använts för att genomföra en omfattande felanalys av reaktortanken med hjälp av tre olika brottkriterier: genomsmältning, spänningsbaserat och töjningsbaserat brottkriterium. Dessutom har en avancerad modell i LS-DYNA använts för att simulera brottfenomenet i reaktortanken under haverier.

Denna simuleringsmodell och metodik har tillämpats på reaktortanksapplikationer för både nordiska kokvattenreaktorer (BWR) och tryckvattenreaktorer (PWR). Resultaten av analyserna har bidragit till:

(i)              En benchmarkstudie inom EU-IVMR-projektet WP2.4 för att utvärdera effekterna av en eventuell borttagning av reaktortankens profil i numeriska analyser;

 

(ii)            Analyser av genomförbarheten av in-vessel retention (IVR), en strategi för haverihantering som innebär att härdsmältan stannar kvar i reaktortanken och kyls utifrån. Denna strategi har utvärderats för en nordisk BWR under två olika svåra haveriscenarier: totalt elbortfall (SBO) och en kombination av SBO och kylmedelshaveri (SBO+LOCA); och

 

(iii)          En djupgående felanalys av reaktortanken i en nordisk BWR under de två nämnda svåra haveriscenarierna. Modellen för reaktortankens botten har modifierats från att vara tvådimensionell till att vara tredimensionell med ett kluster av instrumentgenomföringar. Denna felanalys syftar till att utforska brottmekanismer och tidpunkter för brott, både för reaktortanken och instrumentgenomföringarna, och ger värdefulla insikter om tidiga brottmekanismer i reaktortankens botten för olika reaktorkonstruktioner och svåra haveriscenarier.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 63
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:42
Keywords [en]
Severe accident scenario, reactor pressure vessel, in-vessel melt retention, failure analysis, finite element analysis, validations
Keywords [sv]
Scenario för svåra haverier, reaktortank, in-vessel retention, feleffektsanalys, Finite Element Analyser, validering
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-336666ISBN: 978-91-8040-703-8 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-336666DiVA, id: diva2:1799675
Public defence
2023-10-16, FA32, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, AlbaNova, Roslagstullsbaken 21, stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2023-09-25

Available from: 2023-09-25 Created: 2023-09-23 Last updated: 2023-09-29Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Structural behavior of an ablated reactor pressure vessel wall with external cooling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Structural behavior of an ablated reactor pressure vessel wall with external cooling
2022 (English)In: Progress in nuclear energy (New series), ISSN 0149-1970, E-ISSN 1878-4224, Vol. 153, article id 104446Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In a severe accident scenario of a nuclear power plant involving core meltdown and relocation to the lower head of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV), the vessel may undergo serious deformation and even failure due to extreme thermo-mechanical loads from the relocated core melt. Proper material models and detailed structural analysis are paramount in predicting the timing and mode of possible vessel failure.This paper presents a strain hardening creep model with optimal parameters to simulate the material behavior of the reactor steel 16MND5 under extreme thermo-mechanical loads. First, validations against two experiments, a tensile-creep test and the EU-REVISA RUPTHER #14 test, show that the proposed model is best overall compared to three previous models. Next, the creep model is implemented for the thermo-mechanical analysis of an ablated RPV under a severe accident scenario with external vessel cooling as a mitigation strategy. The effect of internal pressures from 3 to 50 bars is investigated with the assumption that the corners of the ablated part of the vessel have sharp corners. In this case, we found that the vessel fails above 40 bars. However, if we model the corners with varying smoothness or fillet sizes, we found significant delay in failure time and an increase in failure internal pressure.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2022
Keywords
Severe accident scenario, Reactor pressure vessel, Structural integrity, Thermo -mechanical analysis, Creep model
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-321969 (URN)10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104446 (DOI)000875951700005 ()2-s2.0-85139297802 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20221128

Available from: 2022-11-28 Created: 2022-11-28 Last updated: 2023-09-23Bibliographically approved
2. Thermo-mechanical behavior of an ablated reactor pressure vessel wall in a Nordic BWR under in-vessel core melt retention
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thermo-mechanical behavior of an ablated reactor pressure vessel wall in a Nordic BWR under in-vessel core melt retention
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Nuclear Engineering and Design, ISSN 0029-5493, E-ISSN 1872-759X, Vol. 379, p. 111196-, article id 111196Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The reactor pressure vessel (RPV) of a nuclear reactor is one of the key safety barriers preventing radioactive environmental releases during a severe accident. One of the promising strategies of severe accident management (SAM) is to retain the molten core having continuous decay heat inside the RPV by natural water cooling of the external vessel surface. The feasibility of such a strategy relies on complex safety analyses including accurateprediction of vessel thermo-mechanical behavior which can be assessed by mechanical stresses and strains. In this paper, we present the stress–strain response of an ablated RPV of a Nordic boiling water reactor (BWR) to dynamic thermomechanical loads set by expanding volumetrically heated molten pool inside the RPV cooled by water at the external surface. MELCOR 2.2.9541 severe accident code is used to simulate the in-vessel behavior and provides the input conditions for dedicated structural analysis of the RPV using ANSYS® Mechanical APDL 19.2. A creep model of the SA533B1 vessel steel is validated against uniaxial creep tests carried out by INEL (Idaho National Engineering Laboratory) and creep tests performed at CEA (French AlternativeEnergies and Atomic Energy Commission) as part of the OLHF (OECD Lower Head Failure) Project. Two generic severe accident scenarios are considered: (i) Station Blackout (SBO) and (ii) Station Black-out and Loss-of-coolant Accident (SBO + LOCA). In both scenarios, we found that the RPV has maintained structural integrity considering two failure criteria: stress-based and strain-based.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2021
Keywords
In-vessel melt retention, Thermo-mechanical analysis, Nordic BWR, Severe accident scenario
National Category
Applied Mechanics
Research subject
Physics, Nuclear Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293881 (URN)10.1016/j.nucengdes.2021.111196 (DOI)000663600900005 ()2-s2.0-85103940006 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210521

Available from: 2021-05-04 Created: 2021-05-04 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
3. Vessel Failure Analysis of a Boiling Water Reactor During a Severe Accident
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Vessel Failure Analysis of a Boiling Water Reactor During a Severe Accident
2022 (English)In: Frontiers in Energy Research, E-ISSN 2296-598X, Vol. 10, article id 839667Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In a postulated severe accident, the thermo-mechanical loads from the corium debris that has relocated to the lower head of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) can pose a credible threat to the RPV's structural integrity. In case of a vessel breach, it is vital to predict the mode and timing of the vessel failure. This affects the ex-vessel accident progression and plays a critical role in the development of mitigation strategies. We propose a methodology to assess RPV failure based on MELCOR and ANSYS Mechanical APDL simulations. A Nordic-type boiling water reactor (BWR) is considered with two severe accident scenarios: i) SBO (Station Blackout) and ii) SBO + LOCA (Loss of Coolant Accident). In addition, the approach considers the dynamic ablation of the vessel wall due to a high-temperature debris bed with the use of the element kill function in ANSYS. The results indicate that the stress failure mechanism is the major cause of the RPV failure, compared to the strain failure mechanism. Moreover, the axial normal stress and circumferential normal stress make the dominant contributions to the equivalent stress sigma at the lower head of RPVs. As expected, the region with high ablation is most likely the failure location in both SBO and SBO + LOCA. In addition, comparisons of the failure mode and timing between SBO and SBO + LOCA are described in detail. A short discussion on RPV failure between ANSYS and MELCOR is also presented.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media SA, 2022
Keywords
severe accident, reactor pressure vessel, structural integrity, finite element analysis, vessel failure criteria
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-310031 (URN)10.3389/fenrg.2022.839667 (DOI)000763225000001 ()2-s2.0-85125592824 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220322

Available from: 2022-03-22 Created: 2022-03-22 Last updated: 2023-09-23Bibliographically approved
4. Thermo-mechanical failure of a reactor vessel with penetrations during a severe accident
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thermo-mechanical failure of a reactor vessel with penetrations during a severe accident
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Abstract [en]

In a severe accident scenario of a nuclear power plant involving core meltdown, the instrumentation guide tubes (IGTs) that exist in some reactor designs may fail and lead to melt leakage through the RPV lower head. Therefore, failure analysis on IGTs plays a significant role in RPV failure analysis. In this study, a 3D global Finite Element (FE) model with three IGT structures is considered. A detailed analysis of three IGT structures illustrates the effect of location on the behaviour of weld joints. In addition, the failure of the welds is predicted with three failure criteria: melt-through failure, stress-based failure, and strain-based failure. Finally, a possible ejection failure for three IGTs at different locations on the RPVs is also discussed.  

National Category
Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-336661 (URN)
Note

QC 20230925

Available from: 2023-09-15 Created: 2023-09-15 Last updated: 2023-09-25Bibliographically approved

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