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DLink: Introducing Link Adaptation in Flooding-based Underwater Networks
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics. (Naval Architecture)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2027-559x
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics. (Naval Architecture)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3978-1540
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2721-0740
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The underwater acoustic environment is known for its unpredictability, making it challenging to establish configuration parameters for acoustic modems before network deployment. When the modems are configured for robustness, potential throughput is often sacrificed; meanwhile, opting for high-rate links can result in communication failures in highly dynamic acoustic conditions. Given these challenges, this paper presents an adaptation framework for networked underwater acoustic modems. Its primary objective is to let modems adaptively select communication links that balance information rate and reliability. It is assumed that the modems provide a set of pre-configured links with monotonically increasing information rate and decreasing reliability. The framework is developed specifically for flooding-based routing protocols, which efficiently handle sudden changes in network topology. By leveraging existing network traffic and implicit acknowledgments, the framework achieves link adaptation with minimal network overhead, necessitating only the addition of a "previous node" address field in the packet headers. Field experiments conducted in a time-varying acoustic environment, using modems configured with four different links, show an increase in the average information per packet by a factor of up to 12, and a reduction in network transmission time of 25\%--50\%, demonstrating DLink's ability to enhance channel utilization significantly, outperforming configurations that rely solely on robust links. This improvement indicates DLink's potential to substantially increase the throughput of underwater acoustic networks.

Keywords [en]
Acoustic Underwater Networks
National Category
Communication Systems
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337382OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-337382DiVA, id: diva2:1801644
Projects
Swedish Maritime Robotics Center
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Note

QC 20231002

Available from: 2023-10-02 Created: 2023-10-02 Last updated: 2023-10-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. On the Design of Noncoherent Acoustic Underwater Communication
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the Design of Noncoherent Acoustic Underwater Communication
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The underwater domain is an environment hostile to humans due to the hydrostatic pressure that rapidly increases with water depth, which has led to underwater robotics becoming an emerging technological field with many commercial-, environmental-, and security-related applications. A major challenge to untethered autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) is communicating robot-to-robot and robot-to-topside operator since it must, in most cases, be done acoustically. Meanwhile, the underwater acoustic (UWA) channel is widely considered one of nature's most difficult communication mediums due to the limited frequency range, complicated sound propagation physics, prolonged- and time-varying multipath, and, in some situations, non-Gaussian background noise. The wide variety of UWA channels observed in different locations, and in the same location at different times, also poses a challenge to the research methodology since sea experiments become inherently difficult to repeat. However, replay simulation of recorded channels using the public benchmark Watermark allows direct comparison between publications and is employed extensively in this thesis, complemented by sea experiments for verifying the internal validity of simulation results.

No link solution is perfect for all channels, and a toolbox consisting of methods with varying information rates and robustness is necessary for an adaptive network to exploit the full capability of the channel encountered in situ. A link is called channel-agnostic if its robustness is limited by the ratio of signal power to noise (SNR), rather than the channel characteristics, thereby being robust to many channels one might encounter. The proven information rates for such link methods are relatively low; this, together with recent advancements in other areas, such as error correction codes and joint synchronisation and decoding, motivates the focus on noncoherent methods in this thesis. The second focus is link adaptation and the necessary mechanisms for its implementation in adaptive UWA networks.

The thesis provides a background on various approaches to acoustic signalling, both coherent and noncoherent, and other key components of a noncoherent UWA link, such as symbol alphabets, receiver data models, error correction codes, and time-Doppler synchronisation. The topic of link adaptation in a UWA network is discussed, as is the methodology for research in UWA communication. The included papers provide a set of channel-agnostic link methods with spectral efficiencies in the range 0.02-0.22 (bit/s/Hz), with varying requirements on the SNR and the length of the communication frame, which are enabled by the presented improvements to link methods. Using a Rice-fading model for soft decoding, the robustness to parameter time variation is found to increase substantially by limiting the SNR of the likelihood parametrisation; this result applies to all methods that employ frequency shift keying (FSK). Furthermore, a novel noncoherent symbol alphabet with 1 (bit/s/Hz) maximum spectral efficiency is presented, whose dimensionality M increases the soft decoder performance, specialising to on-off keying (OOK) for M=1. A joint synchronisation and decoding framework is proposed, allowing robust time-Doppler detection with low overhead; its viability is demonstrated in an adverse shallow-water channel with relative platform velocities in the range +/- 4 (m/s). Moreover, a framework for efficient evaluation of link adaptation algorithms is presented, and a link-adaptive ad-hoc UWA network using low-latency implicit feedback is demonstrated through sea experiments.

The research presented herein has been conducted as part of the Swedish Maritime Robotics Centre (SMaRC), a national cross-disciplinary research centre funded by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF). 

Abstract [sv]

Undervattensdomänen är ogästvänlig miljö för människor på grund av det hydrostatiska trycket som snabbt ökar med vattendjupet, vilket har lett till att undervattensrobotik blivit ett växande teknologiområde med tillämpningar inom näringsliv, miljö, och säkerhet. En stor utmaning för kabellösa autonoma undervattensfarkoster är att kommunikationen mellan antingen två drönare, eller mellan drönare och operatör på ytan, i de flesta fallen måste ske akustiskt. Samtidigt är undervattenskanalen allmänt känd som en av naturens svåraste kommunikationsmedium, på grund av begränsat frekvensområdet, kompicerad ljudpropageringsfysik, lång och tidsvarierande flervägsutbredning, samt i vissa situationer, icke-Gaussiskt bakgrundsbrus. Den stora variationen hos undervattenskanaler som observerats på olika platser, och på samma plats men vid olika tidpunkter, är dessutom en utmaning för forskningsmetodologin eftersom sjöförsök i sin natur är svåra att återupprepa. Simuleringar i inspelade kanaler med hjälp av det allmänt tillgängliga verktyget Watermark möjliggör en jämförelse mellan olika publikationer och har därför använts genomgående i denna avhandling, komplementerat med sjöförsök för att validera den interna validiteten hos simuleringsresultaten.

Ingen länklösning passar perfekt till alla kanaler, och en verktygslåda av metoder med olika informationshastighet och robusthet behövs för att ett adaptivt nätverk ska kunna utnyttja den observerade undervattenkanalens fulla potential. En länk kallas kanaloberoende om dess robusthet inte beror på kanalens egenskaper, utan enbart begränsas av förhållandet mellan signal- och bruseffekt. Den påvisade informationshastigheten för sådana länkmetoder är relativt låg; detta, tillsammans med framsteg inom andra områden såsom felrättande koder och sammanflätad synkronisering och avkodning, motiverar den fokus som tillägnas ickekoherenta metoder i avhandlingen. Det andra fokuseringsområdet är länkadaption, samt de mekanismer som krävs för dess implementation i adaptiva undervattensnätverk.

Avhandlingen ger en bakgrundsbeskrivning av olika angreppssätt inom akustisk signalering, både koherenta och ickekoherenta, samt andra nyckelkomponenter i en ickekoherent undervattenslänk, såsom symbolalfabet, datamodell hos motagaren, felrättande koder, samt synkronisering av tid och Doppler. Den bidrar också med diskussioner kring länkadaption i akustiska undervattensnätverk och forskningsmetodologi inom undervattenskommunikation. De inkluderade artiklarna tillhandahåller ett antal länkmetoder vars spektraleffektivitet är mellan 0.02-0.22 (bit/s/Hz), med olika krav på signal-brusförållande och längd på kommunikationsramen, som möjliggörs tack vare de presenterade framstegen inom ickekoherenta länkmetoder. Robustheten hos en mjuk avkodare som använder en Rice-fädande modell förbättras markant genom att begränsa signal-brusförhållandet hos modellens parametrisering; detta resultat är applicerbart på alla metoder som använder digital frekvensmodulation (FSK). Ett nytt ickekoherent symbolalfabet med upp till 1 (bit/s/Hz) spektraleffektivitet presenteras, vars dimensionalitet $M$ ökar prestandan hos en mjuk avkodare, och som är ekvivalent med så kallad on-off keying (OOK) för M=1. Ett ramverk för sammanflätad synkronisering och avkodning föreslås, som påvisats i en svår horisontell kanal med platformar vars relativa hastighet uppgick till +/- 4 (m/s). Dessutom presenteras ett ramverk för effektiv utvärdering av länkadaptionsalgoritmer, samt ett ad-hoc länkadapterande undervattensnätverk som använder implicit återkoppling med låg fördröjning, som också påvisats genom sjöförsök.

Forskningen som presenteras här har utförts som en del av Swedish Maritime Robotics Centre (SMaRC), ett nationellt tvärvetenskapligt forskningscenter finansierat av Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning (SSF). 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:46
Keywords
noncoherent, acoustic underwater communication, link adaptation, adaptive networks, ickecoherent, akustisk undervattenskommunikation, länkadaption, adaptiva nätverk
National Category
Communication Systems
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337374 (URN)978-91-8040-700-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-10-25, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 28, floor 2, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
Swedish Maritime Robotics Centre (SMaRC)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Note

QC 231003

Available from: 2023-10-03 Created: 2023-10-02 Last updated: 2023-11-10Bibliographically approved
2. Introducing Power Control and Link Adaptation in Flooding-based Underwater Networks: Extending the applicability of flooding-based routing protocols
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Introducing Power Control and Link Adaptation in Flooding-based Underwater Networks: Extending the applicability of flooding-based routing protocols
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Underwater communication and networking are key enabling technologies for many current and future marine applications. Generally, the envisioned applications include environmental monitoring, aquaculture, and surveillance. On a practical level, these applications may incorporate static sensor platforms, unmanned underwater vehicles, manned and unmanned surface vehicles, and remotely controlled underwater vehicles. Long-range communication between sensors and vehicles underwater involves mapping digital information into acoustic signals that are transmitted using Piezo-electric transducers. Transmitting information acoustically is very energydemanding and is a limiting factor in several applications that comprise batterypowered systems. Further, the usable bandwidth is very narrow, typically providing data rates on the order of 0.1–1.0 kilobits/second. These are two out of several challenges to consider in network protocol design. This thesis’s main focus has been enhancing the applicability of flooding-based routing protocols by dynamically controlling the modems’ transmission powers and adaptively selecting the fastest possible communication method. Simulations and field experiments have shown that a distributed k-Nearest Neighbor Power Controller can achieve significant energy savings. Further experiments of a distributed link adaptation method with minimal overhead have achieved improved channel utilization and throughput in a time-varying environment. Lastly, as heterogeneous systems of vehicles and sensor platforms generally incorporate diverse communication hardware with different capabilities, they must negotiate what method and parameters to use before any actual data can be transferred. Herein, a promising method that could be used for this negotiation process in a ”first-contact” protocol was also evaluated through field experiments.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 48
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:52
Keywords
Acoustic Underwater Networks, Distributed Power Control, Link Adaptation
National Category
Communication Systems
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337396 (URN)978-91-8040-719-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-10-25, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
The Swedish Maritime Robotics Center
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Note

QC 231003

Available from: 2023-10-03 Created: 2023-10-02 Last updated: 2023-11-13Bibliographically approved

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Erstorp, EliasLidström, ViktorSigray, Peter

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