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On the analysis of antibody repertoires
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Affinity Proteomics. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7773-1851
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The antibody repertoire is the ensemble of antibodies found in an individual at a given time. It displays high heterogeneity between individuals while being both largely temporally stable within an individual and rapidly responsive to immunological challenge. As distinct collections of antibodies within the repertoire contribute to the function and malfunction of the immune system, studying the many aspects of the antibody repertoire can give increased knowledge on antibody-mediated pathogen defense and autoimmune conditions.

There are several emergent techniques for assessing different properties of the antibody repertoire as well as determining distinct antibodies of interest in health and disease. The studies presented in this thesis use planar and bead-based arrays to investigate parts of the antibody repertoire consisting of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 proteins in serological studies, as well as autoantibodies against the large collection of antigens in the Human Protein Atlas. Paper I explores the autoantibody repertoires of patients with psychosis using planar arrays of 42 000 antigens followed by targeted bead arrays and identifies associations to specific symptoms. Paper II defines the baseline serological characteristics of a longitudinal cohort using a then recently developed multiplex serological assay and gives an early description of COVID-19 symptomatology. Paper III investigates the four-month persistence and antigen diversity of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 following infection. This work is continued in Paper IV which examines the persistence of the humoral and cellular response to infection and their protective effect against reinfection. Paper V connects these parts by exploring the autoantibody repertoire of this longitudinal cohort and identifying new-onset autoantibodies emerging at infection using arrays of human and viral antigens. It associates three new-onset autoantibodies to post-COVID-19 symptoms and demonstrates sequence similarity between human and viral epitopes, which may indicate molecular mimicry.

Antibody repertoires are heterogeneous and multifaceted, requiring several methods for full comprehension. The present investigation encompasses the analysis of one facet using antigen arrays and contributes to knowledge on disease-associated autoantibody repertoires as well as the prevalence and persistence of the serological and autoantibody response emerging after viral infection. This work represents a small step towards the goal of understanding the full repertoire complexity. Emergent large-scale techniques combined with the herein described analysis are together poised to identify clinically relevant antigens and advance knowledge on the diversity and heterogeneity of the antibody repertoire.

Abstract [sv]

Antikroppsrepertoaren utgörs av den samling av antikroppar som återfinns i en individ vid ett givet tillfälle. Den uppvisar stor heterogenitet mellan individer samtidigt som den inom en individ både är övervägande stabil över tid och snabbt föränderlig vid immunologiska händelser. Eftersom avgränsade samlingar av antikroppar inom repertoaren bidrar till immunförsvarets funktion och dysfunktion är det av stor vikt att studera de många olika aspekterna av antikroppsrepertoaren för att öka förståelsen av både det försvar mot patogen och de autoimmuna tillstånd som tillkommer genom antikroppars verkan.

Det finns flera banbrytande tekniker som utvecklats för att undersöka olika aspekter av antikroppsrepertoaren samt identifiera särskilda antikroppar som kan bidra till kunskap om friska och sjuka tillstånd. De forskningsarbeten som presenteras i den här avhandlingen använde sig av analysmetoder som grundar sig på plana ytor och mikrosfärer för att undersöka olika delar av antikroppsrepertoaren. Dessa delar bestod av antikroppar mot proteiner hos SARS-CoV-2 som undersöktes i serologiska arbeten, samt autoantikroppar mot den stora samling av antigen som finns i HPA – atlasen över människans proteiner. Artikel I utforskar autoantikroppsrepertoarerna hos patienter med psykos med hjälp av 42 000 antigen från HPA arrangerade på plana ytor, följt av riktad analys med antigen fästa till mikrosfärer, och resulterar i identifierade kopplingar mellan antikroppar och specifika symptom. Artikel II definierar den grundläggande serologiska profilen hos en longitudinell kohort med hjälp av en då nyligen utvecklad serologisk metod för att mäta många virusproteiner, samt ger en tidig beskrivning av symtomatologin vid COVID-19. Artikel III undersöker varaktigheten av antikroppar fyra månader efter SARS-CoV-2-infektion och mångfalden av deras antigen. Detta arbete följs upp i Artikel IV som undersöker varaktigheten av det humorala och cellulära immunsvaret mot infektion och dess skyddande effekt mot återinfektion. Artikel V sammanbinder dessa delar genom att utforska antikroppsrepertoaren hos den beskrivna longitudinella kohorten och identifiera autoantikroppar som uppkommer vid infektion med hjälp av analysmetoder med både mänskliga och virala antigen. Artikeln kopplar tre nyuppkomna autoantikroppar till symtom efter COVID-19 och påvisar sekvenslikhet mellan mänskliga och virala epitop, vilket kan antyda molekylär mimikry.

Antikroppsrepertoarer är heterogena och mångfasetterade och kräver därför flera metoder för full förståelse. De forskningsarbeten som förs fram i den här avhandlingen omfattar analys av en fasett med hjälp av antigenbaserade analysmetoder. Dessa arbeten bidrar till kunskap om sjukdomskopplade autoantikroppsrepertoarer samt förekomsten och varaktigheten hos det serologiska svaret och autoantikroppar efter virusinfektion. Arbetet representerar ett litet steg mot det slutgiltiga målet att förstå helheten av repertoarens komplexitet. Banbrytande storskaliga tekniker i kombination med den analys som beskrivs i den här avhandlingen har stor potential att identifiera kliniskt relevanta antigen och ge ökad kunskap om antikroppsrepertoarens mångfald och heterogenitet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 77
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:47
Keywords [en]
antibody repertoire, autoantibodies, serology, microarray, bead array, affinity proteomics, psychosis, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, post-COVID-19 condition, immunoglobulin, IgG
National Category
Medical Biotechnology Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337968ISBN: 978-91-8040-726-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-337968DiVA, id: diva2:1804298
Public defence
2023-11-10, Air & Fire, SciLifeLab, Tomtebodavägen 23A, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66336237066, Stockholm, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20231012

Available from: 2023-10-12 Created: 2023-10-11 Last updated: 2025-12-17Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Autoantibody profiles associated with clinical features in psychotic disorders
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Autoantibody profiles associated with clinical features in psychotic disorders
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2021 (English)In: Translational Psychiatry, E-ISSN 2158-3188, Vol. 11, no 1, article id 474Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Autoimmune processes are suspected to play a role in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. Better understanding of the associations between auto-immunoglobulin G (IgG) repertoires and clinical features of mental illness could yield novel models of the pathophysiology of psychosis, and markers for biological patient stratification. We undertook cross-sectional detection and quantification of auto-IgGs in peripheral blood plasma of 461 people (39% females) with established psychotic disorder diagnoses. Broad screening of 24 individuals was carried out on group level in eight clinically defined groups using planar protein microarrays containing 42,100 human antigens representing 18,914 proteins. Autoantibodies indicated by broad screening and in the previous literature were measured using a 380-plex bead-based array for autoantibody profiling of all 461 individuals. Associations between autoantibody profiles and dichotomized clinical characteristics were assessed using a stepwise selection procedure. Broad screening and follow-up targeted analyses revealed highly individual autoantibody profiles. Females, and people with family histories of obesity or of psychiatric disorders other than schizophrenia had the highest overall autoantibody counts. People who had experienced subjective thought disorder and/or were treated with clozapine (trend) had the lowest overall counts. Furthermore, six autoantibodies were associated with specific psychopathology symptoms: anti-AP3B2 (persecutory delusions), anti-TDO2 (hallucinations), anti-CRYGN (initial insomnia); anti-APMAP (poor appetite), anti-OLFM1 (above-median cognitive function), and anti-WHAMMP3 (anhedonia and dysphoria). Future studies should clarify whether there are causal biological relationships, and whether autoantibodies could be used as clinical markers to inform diagnostic patient stratification and choice of treatment.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2021
National Category
Clinical Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-303059 (URN)10.1038/s41398-021-01596-0 (DOI)000698209400001 ()34518517 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85114871934 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20211005

Available from: 2021-10-05 Created: 2021-10-05 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
2. SARS-CoV-2 exposure, symptoms and seroprevalence in healthcare workers in Sweden.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>SARS-CoV-2 exposure, symptoms and seroprevalence in healthcare workers in Sweden.
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2020 (English)In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 11, no 1, article id 5064Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

SARS-CoV-2 may pose an occupational health risk to healthcare workers. Here, we report the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, self-reported symptoms and occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 among healthcare workers at a large acute care hospital in Sweden. The seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was 19.1% among the 2149 healthcare workers recruited between April 14th and May 8th 2020, which was higher than the reported regional seroprevalence during the same time period. Symptoms associated with seroprevalence were anosmia (odds ratio (OR) 28.4, 95% CI 20.6-39.5) and ageusia (OR 19.2, 95% CI 14.3-26.1). Seroprevalence was also associated with patient contact (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.9-4.5) and covid-19 patient contact (OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.2-5.3). These findings imply an occupational risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers. Continued measures are warranted to assure healthcare workers safety and reduce transmission from healthcare workers to patients and to the community.

National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-283805 (URN)10.1038/s41467-020-18848-0 (DOI)000581917700005 ()33033249 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85092299693 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20201123

Available from: 2020-10-13 Created: 2020-10-13 Last updated: 2026-07-08Bibliographically approved
3. SARS-CoV-2 induces a durable and antigen specific humoral immunity after asymptomatic to mild COVID-19 infection
Open this publication in new window or tab >>SARS-CoV-2 induces a durable and antigen specific humoral immunity after asymptomatic to mild COVID-19 infection
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2022 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 17, no 1, p. e0262169-e0262169Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Current SARS-CoV-2 serological assays generate discrepant results, and the longitudinal characteristics of antibodies targeting various antigens after asymptomatic to mild COVID-19 are yet to be established. This longitudinal cohort study including 1965 healthcare workers, of which 381 participants exhibited antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen at study inclusion, reveal that these antibodies remain detectable in most participants, 96%, at least four months post infection, despite having had no or mild symptoms. Virus neutralization capacity was confirmed by microneutralization assay in 91% of study participants at least four months post infection. Contrary to antibodies targeting the spike protein, antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein were only detected in 80% of previously anti-nucleocapsid IgG positive healthcare workers. Both anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels were significantly higher in previously hospitalized COVID-19 patients four months post infection than in healthcare workers four months post infection (p = 2*10−23 and 2*10−13 respectively). Although the magnitude of humoral response was associated with disease severity, our findings support a durable and functional humoral response after SARS-CoV-2 infection even after no or mild symptoms. We further demonstrate differences in antibody kinetics depending on the antigen, arguing against the use of the nucleocapsid protein as target antigen in population-based SARS-CoV-2 serological surveys

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2022
National Category
Immunology in the medical area
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-313592 (URN)10.1371/journal.pone.0262169 (DOI)000834207700035 ()35020778 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85122726961 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationScience for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLabFamiljen Erling-Perssons StiftelseSwedish Society for Medical Research (SSMF)Swedish Research CouncilKnut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Note

QC 20220621

Available from: 2022-06-08 Created: 2022-06-08 Last updated: 2023-10-11Bibliographically approved
4. Robust humoral and cellular immune responses and low risk for reinfection at least 8 months following asymptomatic to mild COVID-19
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Robust humoral and cellular immune responses and low risk for reinfection at least 8 months following asymptomatic to mild COVID-19
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2022 (English)In: Journal of Internal Medicine, ISSN 0954-6820, Vol. 291, no 1, p. 72-80Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2022
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302576 (URN)10.1111/joim.13387 (DOI)000700210300001 ()34459525 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85115727861 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220322

Available from: 2021-09-28 Created: 2021-09-28 Last updated: 2023-10-11Bibliographically approved
5. Prevalent and persistent new-onset autoantibodies in mild to severe COVID-19
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Prevalent and persistent new-onset autoantibodies in mild to severe COVID-19
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Keywords
new-onset autoantibodies, autoantibody repertoire, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, post-COVID-19 condition
National Category
Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337967 (URN)
Note

QC 20231012

Available from: 2023-10-11 Created: 2023-10-11 Last updated: 2023-10-12Bibliographically approved

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