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Engineering alternative scaffold proteins for conditional targeting
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8706-5226
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Engineering naturally occurring proteins enables us to customize affinity domains according to our specific needs, tailoring them to become an important tool in a wide array of applications limited merely by our creativity. One of nature’s ways to regulate protein activity is by creating a functional change through alteration of a protein’s tertiary structure upon interaction with metal ions. Inspired by this elegant solution, this thesis has focused on engineering calcium-regulated affinity proteins using two different strategies and protein scaffolds.

The first strategy revolved around designing and selecting a calcium- binding motif that can render the inherent target affinity of a naturally occurring protein domain to be turned on or off depending on whether calcium is present or not. The subject of this part of the thesis was one of the immunoglobulin-binding domains derived from Streptococcal Protein G. A library of various loops with prerequisites for attracting calcium was inserted between the IgG-binding surfaces of the domain prior to performing cell display selections aimed for rendering the inherent target interaction dependent on the presence of calcium. Successful selections resulted in a calcium-dependent version of the IgG-binding protein and its structure could be solved using NMR. A deeper investigation of the incorporated structural calcium-dependency could explain the underlying mechanisms giving rise to the functional on-and-off switch in target affinity and show how it derived from the evolutionary selection pressures applied.

The second strategy included the creation of a combinatorial library based on a calcium-dependent protein scaffold, derived from Staphylococcal Protein A, for development of small calcium-regulated affinity – CaRA –imolecules with novel target specificities. Mimicking the multifaceted usefulness of naturally occurring metalloproteins, this second part of the thesis aimed at performing phage display selection campaigns towards a diverse set of targets relevant for various applications from bioprocessing (e.g. scFv) to biological therapies (e.g. TNFa, IL-23, EGFR). When evaluating the binding properties in the presence and absence of calcium, all discovered CaRA variants display calcium-dependent binding and target affinities in the nanomolar range.

Engineering conditional binding can enhance the potential of next generation therapies in several ways. When used as calcium-dependent affinity ligands, it enables mild purification at neutral pH of therapeutic antibodies and antibody fragments that was previously limited by harsh acidic elution conditions. Reducing the risk of aggregated product by eluting at neutral pH would result in improved safety as well as the possibility to manufacture a greater repertoire of antibody formats. Furthermore, the conferred calcium- dependency of the CaRA scaffold can be used in a therapeutic approach envisioned to result in increased tissue penetration due to its small size and improved intracellular delivery by taking advantage of the existing calcium- gradient across the endosomal membrane of cells. This could lead to higher therapeutic efficacy by enabling lower doses or dosing frequency, further advancing a more patient-friendly future.

Abstract [sv]

När biologi kombineras med ingenjörers strukturerade tankesätt kan naturligt förekommande proteiner förvandlas till användbara verktyg, skräddarsydda för en mängd olika applikationer som endast verkar begränsas av vår fantasi.

Naturligt förekommande proteiner har oftast en dedikerad funktion, en uppgift att utföra, och aktivitetsgraden kan styras genom förändringar i proteinets struktur via interaktion med andra småmolekyler, såsom exempelvis metalljoner. Inspirerad av naturens eleganta lösningar utforskar denna avhandling olika tillvägagångssätt för att konstruera metallreglerade proteiner vars interaktion med ett målprotein kan slås på eller stängas av genom tillgång till kalcium.

Den första strategin kretsar kring att förädla ett existerande protein som redan kan känna igen och interagera med antikroppar till att endast kunna upprätthålla den förmågan i närvaro av kalcium. Tack vare banbrytande molekylärbiologiska tekniker som möjliggjort att vi idag kan klippa och klistra i arvsmassa (DNA) så finns möjligheten att infoga och kombinera gener som uttrycker olika proteinfunktioner. I detta fall kombinerades ett protein som molekylärt kan känna igen och har affinitet för vissa antikroppar med diverse strukturella motiv som kan binda kalcium. För att lyckas utveckla ett kalciumbindande motiv som kan påverka den existerande affiniteten till antikroppar byggdes ett bibliotek med olika motiv med olika förutsättningar för att attrahera kalciumjoner och detta infogades mellan de antikroppsbindande ytorna på proteinet, i hopp om att strukturen och funktionen hos proteinet skulle kunna regleras genom inbindningen av kalcium. Biblioteket genomsöktes efter varianter som uppvisade den eftersökta förmågan, kalciumberoende interaktion med antikroppar, och viiiihittade flera varianter som uppfyllde detta. Genom att undersöka proteinstrukturen på en av dessa nya kalciumberoende antikroppsbindande varianter så kunde vi förklara de underliggande mekanismerna i strukturen som gör att proteinets funktion regleras med hjälp av kalcium.

Vår andra strategi för att konstruera kalciumberoende proteiner är mer generell och syftar till att använda ett bibliotek med proteinvarianter som redan har förmågan att binda kalcium men som kan utvecklas till att interagera med andra molekyler än antikroppar. Vår vision är att kunna utveckla kalciumreglerad affinitet för vilket målprotein som än önskas och hittills har vi utvecklat flera proteiner vars affinitet för sin specifika målmolekyl kan regleras med hjälp av kalcium.

Det finns många tillämpningar där det kan vara användbart att ha ett protein vars funktion kan regleras. En stor del av den moderna läkemedelsutvecklingen drivs av cellfabriker som producerar proteiner, ofta antikroppar, som kan känna igen och hämma cancer eller inflammation när de injiceras i patienter. Cellerna producerar dock andra molekyler som krävs för deras överlevnad samtidigt som de tillverkar antikropparna och därför krävs efterföljande reningssteg som separerar de intressanta proteinerna ifrån biprodukterna. Ett kalciumberoende protein som binder antikroppar kan därför användas för att isolera det potentiella läkemedlet ifrån biprodukterna och därefter lösgöras ifrån antikroppen igen genom borttagning av kalcium.

Proteinbaserad läkemedelsutveckling innebär även fantastiska möjligheter för kreativa terapeutiska strategier. Ett kalciumberoende biologiskt läkemedel kan styras av de naturliga skiftningar i kalciumkoncentration som återfinns i kroppen och exempelvis designas på ett finurligt sätt till att leverera en sjukdomsframkallande molekyl till kroppens egna celler för nedbrytning.ivSammanfattningsvis presenterar denna avhandling olika tillvägagångssätt för att utveckla proteiner vars funktion kan regleras genom tillgången på kalcium för diverse applikationer. Förhoppningsvis kommer dessa kunna bidra till nya tillverkningsprocesser av antikroppsbaserade läkemedel och inspirera till utveckling av framtidens proteinbaserade läkemedel.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 93
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:50
Keywords [en]
Protein Engineering, Conditional targeting, Calcium
National Category
Engineering and Technology Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338806ISBN: 978-91-8040-748-9 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-338806DiVA, id: diva2:1807472
Public defence
2023-11-17, Webinar: 697 5953 6894, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2023-10-26

Available from: 2023-10-26 Created: 2023-10-26 Last updated: 2025-12-03Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Mechanistic insight to the directed evolution of a calcium-dependent protein switch
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mechanistic insight to the directed evolution of a calcium-dependent protein switch
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338802 (URN)
Note

QC 20231030

Available from: 2023-10-26 Created: 2023-10-26 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
2. Directed evolution of a calcium-dependent protein enabling mild purification of Fab-fragments
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Directed evolution of a calcium-dependent protein enabling mild purification of Fab-fragments
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338799 (URN)
Note

QCR 20231027

Available from: 2023-10-26 Created: 2023-10-26 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
3. CaRA – A multi-purpose phage display library for selection of calcium-regulated affinity proteins
Open this publication in new window or tab >>CaRA – A multi-purpose phage display library for selection of calcium-regulated affinity proteins
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2022 (English)In: New Biotechnology, ISSN 1871-6784, E-ISSN 1876-4347, Vol. 72, p. 159-167Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Protein activity regulated by interactions with metal ions can be utilized for many different purposes, including biological therapies and bioprocessing, among others. Calcium ions are known to interact with the frequently occurring EF-hand motif, which can alter protein activity upon binding through an induced conformational change. The calcium-binding loop of the EF-hand motif has previously been introduced into a small protein domain derived from staphylococcal Protein A in a successful effort to render antibody binding dependent on calcium. Presented here, is a combinatorial library for calcium-regulated affinity, CaRA, based on this domain. CaRA is the first alternative scaffold library designed to achieve novel target specificities with metal-dependent binding. From this library, several calcium-dependent binders could be isolated through phage display campaigns towards a set of unrelated target proteins (IgE Cε3-Cε4, TNFα, IL23, scFv, tPA, PCSK9 and HER3) useful for distinct applications. Overall, these monomeric CaRA variants showed high stability and target affinities within the nanomolar range. They displayed considerably higher melting temperatures in the presence of 1 mM calcium compared to without calcium. Further, all discovered binders proved to be calcium-dependent, with the great majority showing complete lack of target binding in the absence of calcium. As demonstrated, the CaRA library is highly capable of providing protein-binding domains with calcium-dependent behavior, independent of the type of target protein. These binding domains could subsequently be of great use in gentle protein purification or as novel therapeutic modalities.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2022
Keywords
Calcium-dependent binding, Phage display selection, Protein engineering, Z-domain
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-328852 (URN)10.1016/j.nbt.2022.11.005 (DOI)000896515300005 ()36450334 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85142821413 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230614

Available from: 2023-06-14 Created: 2023-06-14 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
4. An easy-to-use high-throughput selection system for the discovery of recombinant protein binders from alternative scaffold libraries
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An easy-to-use high-throughput selection system for the discovery of recombinant protein binders from alternative scaffold libraries
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2023 (English)In: Protein Engineering Design & Selection, ISSN 1741-0126, E-ISSN 1741-0134, Vol. 36Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford University Press (OUP), 2023
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338797 (URN)10.1093/protein/gzad011 (DOI)001090978700001 ()37702366 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85174831328 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2016-04717Swedish Research Council, 2021-04289Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Note

QC 20231123

Available from: 2023-10-26 Created: 2023-10-26 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
5. Engineering of calcium-regulated affinity targeting EGFR-expressing cells for efficient internalization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Engineering of calcium-regulated affinity targeting EGFR-expressing cells for efficient internalization
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338805 (URN)
Note

QC 20231030

Available from: 2023-10-26 Created: 2023-10-26 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved

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