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Internal structure of metal vacancies in cubic carbides
Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Properties.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3726-9869
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Properties.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9920-5393
2024 (English)In: Physical Review B, ISSN 2469-9950, E-ISSN 2469-9969, Vol. 109, no 6, article id L060103Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A combinatorial approach is employed to investigate the atomic and electronic structures of a metal vacancy in titanium carbide. It turns out that the usual relaxed geometry of the vacancy is just a metastable state representing a local energy minimum. Using ab initio calculations and by systematically searching through the configurational space of a Ti monovacancy, we identify a multitude of local minima with reconstructed geometry that are lower in energy. Among them, there is a planar configuration with two displaced carbons forming a dimer inside the vacancy. This structure has the optimal number and order of C-C bonds making it the global minimum. Further calculations show that this reconstructed geometry is also the ground state of metal vacancies in other carbides such as ZrC, HfC, and VC. The reconstructed metal vacancies are characterized by localized electron states due to the relatively short C-C bonds. The defect states lie just below the upper and lower valence bands. The existence of reconstructed vacancy configurations is essential for understanding the mechanism of metal self-diffusion in transition-metal carbides.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Physical Society (APS) , 2024. Vol. 109, no 6, article id L060103
National Category
Physical Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-343672DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.109.L060103ISI: 001314558600001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85184662338OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-343672DiVA, id: diva2:1839864
Note

QC 20240222

Available from: 2024-02-22 Created: 2024-02-22 Last updated: 2025-12-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Atomic Scale Investigation of Defects in High-Performance Materials
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Atomic Scale Investigation of Defects in High-Performance Materials
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Transition metal carbides of groups 4 and 5 (TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC, TaC) with the rocksalt (B1) structure are critical refractory materials for extreme temperature applications due to their exceptional hardness, high melting points, and thermal stability. This high-temperature behavior governed by point defects and diffusion has long been preplexing, with experimental metal self-diffusion activation energies ( 7.5 eV in TiC and ZrC) and anomalously high prefactors (entropy 10–14.5 𝑘𝐵 in TiC)conflicting with traditional ab initio predictions assuming unreconstructed vacancies.

This thesis focuses on these discrepancies through systematic density functional theory (DFT) investigations, revealing that metal vacancies in group 4 and certain group 5 carbides spontaneously reconstruct by displacing neighboring carbon atoms to form strong C–C bonds. A combinatorial enumeration in TiC identified a rich landscape of reconstructed configurations, with the ground-state structure featuring a planar graphene-like C dimer lowering the Ti vacancy formation energy by 3.5 eV relative to the unreconstructed state. This reconstruction dramatically reduces Schottky defect formation energies from 7–8 eV (unreconstructed) to 3.98 eV (TiC), 6.08 eV (ZrC), 7.14 eV (HfC), and 1.97 eV (VC), while NbC and TaC retain unreconstructed vacancies ( 2.7 eV). Trends across the MeX (X = C, N, O) series correlate with valence electron count and bond covalency. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) at 1500–3000 K demonstrate that the C-dimer in the 2G structure undergoes thermally activated rotation above 1500 K, periodically opening the vacancy site and enabling Ti jumps into metastable open configurations with migration barriers of 3.5–4.0 eV. The resulting activation energy of 7.5 eV in agreement with experimental values. The anomalously high diffusion entropy arises from the large configurational and vibrational entropy of the reconstructed vacancy ensemble, particularly the dimer’s rotational degree of freedom (rotational diffusion coefficient 1.5 × 1012 s−1 at 2500 K) and numerous low-energy C-bonded metastable states. Reconstruction also induces strong short range repulsion between vacancies,preventing clustering and restoring the classical dissociated Schottky picture contrary to earlier cluster-based models. These findings establish a monovacancy mediated diffusion mechanism driven by dynamic carbon reconstruction as the dominant metal transport pathway in group 4 carbides. The insights are extended to technologically vital WC–Co cemented carbides, where vacancy-reconstruction-mediated processes at the surface of WC particles and WC/Co interfaces control Ostwald ripening,abnormal grain growth, and phase stability during liquid-phase sintering. The reconstructed vacancy framework provides a new atomic-scale foundation for defect engineering of refractory carbides, enabling predictive modeling of creep, sintering,and microstructural evolution in ultra-high-temperature ceramics and cemented carbides for aerospace, nuclear, and cutting-tool applications.

Abstract [sv]

Övergångsmetallkarbider i grupp 4 och 5 (TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC, TaC) med bergsaltstrukturen (B1) är –tack vare deras exceptionella hårdhet, höga smältpunkter och termiska stabilitet– viktiga eldfasta material för extrema högtemperaturtillämpningar. Detta högtemperaturbeteende, som styrs av punktdefekter och diffusion, har länge varit förbryllande eftersom experimentella aktiveringsenergier för metalsjälvdiffusion ( 7,5 eV i TiC och ZrC) och onormalt höga prefaktorer (entropi 14.5 𝑘𝐵 i TiC) står i konflikt med traditionella ab initio-förutsägelser som pekar på icke-rekonstruerade vakansstrukturer. Denna avhandling fokuserar på dessa avvikelser genom systematiska beräkningar med täthetsfunktionalteori (DFT). De visar att platser där metall är vakant i grupp 4 och vissa grupp 5-karbider spontant rekonstrueras genom att närliggande kolatomer förskjuts och bildar starka C–C-bindningar. En kombinatorisk numrering i TiC identifierade flera rekonstruerade konfigurationer, där grundtillstånds strukturen uppvisar en plan, grafenliknande C-dimer som sänker bildningsenergin för en Ti-vakans med 3,5 eV jämfört med det icke-rekonstruerade tillståndet. Denna rekonstruktion reducerar Schottkydefekternas bildningsenergier drastiskt från 7–8 eV (icke-rekonstruerat) till 3,98 eV (TiC), 6,08 eV (ZrC), 7,14 eV (HfC) och 1,97 eV(VC), medan NbC och TaC bibehåller icke-rekonstruerade vakanser ( 2,7 eV). Trenderöver MeX-serien (X = C, N, O) korrelerar med valenselektrontal och bindningskovalens. Ab initio-molekyldynamik (AIMD) vid 1500–3000 K visar att C-dimern i 2G-strukturen genomgår termiskt aktiverad rotation över 1500 K, vilket periodiskt öppnar en vakant plats och möjliggör Ti-hopp till metastabila öppna konfigurationer med migrationsbarriärer på 3,5–4,0 eV. Den resulterande aktiveringsenergin på 7,5 eV stämmer perfekt överens med experimentellt uppmätta värden. Den onormalt höga diffusionsentropin härrör från den stora konfigurationsoch vibrationsentropin i det rekonstruerade vakans-ensemblet. Särskilt härör den från dimerns rotationsfrihetsgrad (rotationsdiffusionskoefficient 1.5 × 1012 s−1 vid 2500 K) och de många lågenergi C-bindningar i metastabila tillstånd.

Rekonstruktionen inducerar också en stark kortdistansrepulsion mellan vakanser, vilket förhindrar klustring och återställer den klassiska bilden av dissocierade Schottkydefekter – i motsats till tidigare klusterbaserade modeller. Dessa resultat fastställer en monovakansmedierad diffusionsmekanism, driven av dynamisk kolrekonstruktion, som den dominerande vägen för metalltransport i grupp 4-karbider. Insikterna utvidgas till teknologiskt viktiga WC–Co-hårdmetaller, där rekonstruktionsmedierade vakansprocesser vid ytan av WC-partiklar och WC/Co-gränsytor styr Ostwald-mognad, onormal korn-växt och fasstabilitet under sintring i vätskefas. Det rekonstruerade vakansramverket tillhandahåller en ny atomskalig grund för utvärdering av defekter i eldfasta karbider och möjliggör prediktiv modellering av kryp, sintring och mikrostrukturell utveckling i ultrahögtemperaturkeramer och hårdmetaller för rymd-, kärn-och skärverktygstillämpningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. xvii, 121
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2026:1
National Category
Materials Engineering
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374648 (URN)978-91-8106-508-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-01-30, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66026793395, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-01-07 Created: 2025-12-19 Last updated: 2026-01-28Bibliographically approved

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Nourazar, MehdiKorzhavyi, Pavel A.

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