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Ray-Tracing and Physical-Optics Model for Planar Mikaelian Lens Antennas
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0688-8648
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.
Univ Seville, ETS Ingn Informat, Dept Appl Phys 1, Seville 41012, Spain..ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8943-9068
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4900-4788
2024 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, ISSN 0018-926X, E-ISSN 1558-2221, Vol. 72, no 2, p. 1735-1744Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article proposes a ray-tracing and physical-optics (RT-PO) model that allows for an accurate and time-efficient evaluation of planar Mikaelian lens antennas implemented by parallel plate waveguides (PPWs). With an intrinsic flat shape and axis-symmetry of refractive-index distribution characteristics, the planar Mikaelian lens antennas are easy to fabricate and integrate into standard planar feeds. A numerical computation of the ray paths based on Snell's law describes the phase of the electric field in the lens aperture, while the ray-tube power conservation theory is employed to evaluate the amplitude. The field equivalence principle is then used to calculate the far-field of the lens antenna. The information on far-field directivity, gain, and dielectric efficiency is further obtained, considering a small loss in the dielectric materials. Our approach is validated by comparing the results of a particular Mikaelian lens antenna with those computed using a commercial full-wave simulator, demonstrating high accuracy and a significant reduction in computation resources and times.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2024. Vol. 72, no 2, p. 1735-1744
Keywords [en]
Lenses, Antennas, Antenna radiation patterns, Ray tracing, Dielectric materials, Dielectric losses, Antenna feeds, Dielectric efficiency, directivity, gain, Mikaelian lens antenna, parallel plate waveguide (PPW), physical optics (PO), ray tracing (RT)
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-345555DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2023.3348983ISI: 001173634500058Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85182349615OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-345555DiVA, id: diva2:1851155
Note

QC 20240412

Available from: 2024-04-12 Created: 2024-04-12 Last updated: 2025-08-27Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Ray Tracing and Physical Optics for Geodesic and GRIN Lens Antennas
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ray Tracing and Physical Optics for Geodesic and GRIN Lens Antennas
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis investigates the ray tracing (RT) and physical optics (PO) method for geodesic and gradient-index (GRIN) lens antennas in both far and near fields at millimeter-wave frequencies (from around 30 GHz up to 110 GHz). In particular, parallel-plate-waveguide (PPW) based GRIN lenses and geodesic H-plane horns are studied to realize high-gain antennas in the far-field region. In addition, radial GRIN lenses are investigated to produce quasi-nondiffracting beams in the near-field region. Ray techniques are used in all cases.

First, a highly time-efficient and reasonably accurate RT-PO model is proposed as a fast design tool. The model can be divided into three steps:(i) calculation of ray trajectories and the corresponding phase distribution applying geometric optics, (ii) evaluation of the amplitude distribution using ray-tube power conservation theory, and (iii) calculation of radiation far fields applying the field equivalence principle in PO. In this thesis, important antenna parameters are obtained from the model, including the radiation pattern, directivity, dielectric loss, and gain. Two PPW-based GRIN lenses, the Mikaelian and Luneburg lenses with H-plane beam steering capabilities, are studied to validate the proposed RT-PO model.

The RT-PO model is also used to design novel geodesic H-plane horn antennas. An appropriate geodesic shape is proposed and optimized using the fast RT-PO tool to correct for phase errors in regular H-plane horns.The resulting fully metallic antennas maintain a stable fan-shaped beam in a large bandwidth with high gain, high aperture efficiency, and high radiation efficiency. Furthermore, a metal-only additive manufacturing (AM) technique is used to monolithically manufacture them in a compact and lightweight manner. Successful prototyping has been shown up to the W-band.

In addition to far-field applications, this thesis also investigates radial GRIN lenses for near-field beamforming. A quasi-closed-form radial GRIN profile is derived based on optical path lengths of the traced rays to generate quasi-nondiffracting beams. The proposed profile can be applied for a wide range of lens parameters and operating frequencies. Quasi-periodic structures arranged in a highly symmetric lattice are used to experimentally realize this lens using a dielectric AM technique to cover the entire Ka-band. The proposed profile is also equally applicable for higher frequencies.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling undersöker strålspårning (RT) och fysikalisk optik (PO) för geodetiska och gradientindex- (GRIN) linsantenner i både fjärr- och närfält vid millimetervägsfrekvenser (från cirka 30 GHz upp till 110 GHz). I synnerhet studeras parallella plattvågledar- (PPW) baserade GRIN-linser och geodetiska H-planshorn för att generera högförstärkande antenner i fjärrfältet. Dessutom undersöks radiella GRIN-linser för att producera kvasi-icke-diffrakteran-de balkar i närfältet. Stråltekniker används i samtliga fall.

Den mycket tidseffektiva och rimligt noggranna RT-PO-modellen föreslås först som ett snabbt designverktyg. Modellen kan delas in i tre steg: (i) beräk-ning av strålbanor och motsvarande fasfördelning med hjälp av geometrisk optik, (ii) utvärdering av amplitudfördelningen med hjälp av strålrör effektbevarandeteori, och (iii) beräkning av strålningsfjärrfält med hjälp av fält-ekvivalensprincipen i PO. I denna avhandling erhålls viktiga antennparametrar från modellen, inklusive strålningmönster, riktningsförmåga, dielektrisk förlust och förstärkning. Två PPW-baserade GRIN-linser, Mikaelian- och Luneburg-linserna med H-plan strålstyrningfunktioner, studeras för att validera den föreslagna RT-PO-modellen.

RT-PO-modellen används också för att designa nya geodetiska H-plan-hornantenner. En lämplig geodetisk form föreslås och optimeras med hjälp av det snabba RT-PO-verktyget för att korrigera för fasfel i vanliga H-planhorn. De resulterande helt metalliska antennerna bibehåller en stabil solfjäderform-ad stråle över ett brett frekvensband, med hög förstärkning, hög bländare-ffektivitet och hög strålningsverkningsgrad. Dessutom används en additiv tillverkningsteknik (AM) med enbart metall för att monolitiskt tillverka dem på ett kompakt och lätt sätt. Framgångsrik prototypframställning har demonstrerats upp till W-bandet.

Förutom tillämpningar i fjärrfältet undersöker denna avhandling även radiella GRIN-linser för närfältsstrålformning. En kvasi-sluten radiell GRIN-profil härleds baserat på optiska väglängder för de spårade strålarna för att generera kvasi-icke-diffrakterande strålar. Den föreslagna profilen kan tillämpas för ett brett spektrum av linsparametrar och driftsfrekvenser. Kvasiperiodiska strukturer arrangerade i ett mycket symmetriskt gitter används för att experimentellt realisera denna lins med hjälp av dielektrisk AM som täcker hela Ka-bandet. Den föreslagna profilen är även lika tillämplig för högre frekvenser.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 81
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:70
Keywords
Additive manufacturing (AM), antenna, geodesic H-plane horn, gradient-index (GRIN) lens, parallel plate waveguide (PPW), physical optics (PO), ray tracing (RT), Additiv tillverkning (AM), antenn, geodetisk H-planshorn, gradientindexlins (GRIN), parallellplattad vågledare (PPW), fysisk optik (PO), strålspårning (RT)
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369099 (URN)978-91-8106-325-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-09-29, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67589198814, Room nr. 132, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
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Note

QC 20250828

Available from: 2025-08-28 Created: 2025-08-27 Last updated: 2025-09-15Bibliographically approved

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Chen, Ming ZhengHabiboglu, ÖzümQuevedo-Teruel, Oscar

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