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Metallic Wood through Deep-Cell-Wall Metallization: Synthesis and Applications
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Biocomposites. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Centres, Wallenberg Wood Science Center.ORCID iD: 0009-0008-2291-1792
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Biocomposites. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Centres, Wallenberg Wood Science Center.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1029-6912
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Biocomposites. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Centres, Wallenberg Wood Science Center.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0476-3323
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fibre Technology. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Centres, Wallenberg Wood Science Center.
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2024 (English)In: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, ISSN 1944-8244, E-ISSN 1944-8252, Vol. 16, no 17, p. 22433-22442Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Metallic wood combines the unique structural benefits of wood and the properties of metals and is thus promising for applications ranging from heat transfer to electromagnetic shielding to energy conversion. However, achieving metallic wood with full use of wood structural benefits such as anisotropy and multiscale porosity is challenging. A key reason is the limited mass transfer in bulk wood where fibers have closed ends. In this work, programmed removal of cell-wall components (delignification and hemicellulose extraction) was introduced to improve the accessibility of cell walls and mass diffusion in wood. Subsequent low-temperature electroless Cu plating resulted in a uniform continuous Cu coating on the cell wall, and, furthermore, Cu nanoparticles (NPs) insertion into the wood cell wall. A novel Cu NPs-embedded multilayered cell-wall structure was created. The unique structure benefits compressible metal-composite foam, appealing for stress sensors, where the multilayered cell wall contributes to the compressibility and stability. The technology developed for wood metallization here could be transferred to other functionalizations aimed at reaching fine structure in bulk wood.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2024. Vol. 16, no 17, p. 22433-22442
Keywords [en]
metallic wood, cell-wall nanoengineering, woodmetallization, diffusion, multilayered cell wall, stress sensor
National Category
Wood Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-348592DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02779ISI: 001241938000001PubMedID: 38634603Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85191087942OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-348592DiVA, id: diva2:1877782
Note

QC 20240626

Available from: 2024-06-26 Created: 2024-06-26 Last updated: 2026-01-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Wood Nanoengineering for Multifunctionality through Metallization and Mineralization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Wood Nanoengineering for Multifunctionality through Metallization and Mineralization
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Hierarchical porous materials yield versatile functionalities by combining pores across multiple length scales, whereas their controlled bottom-up synthesis remains a challenge. This thesis presents a biomimetic strategy to fabricate hierarchical porous metal and mineral composites by utilizing and exploring the naturally developed hierarchical structure of wood. Direct use of wood as template is also environmentally and economically friendly due to its renewable source, low cost, and scalable processability. 

A sequential methodology was developed, beginning with cell wall engineering to overcome the limited accessibility and mass diffusion of bulk wood. This was first achieved by programmed removal of cell wall components. Reassembly of intrinsic biopolymers into lumina fibril networks was then investigated to create wood aerogels with high specific surface area. The engineered wood scaffolds were subsequently functionalized via metallization or mineralization. Electroless Cu plating produced compressible, electrically conductive templates, while MTMS condensation imparted hydrophobicity. ZnCl2 was also explored to simultaneously fabricate wood aerogels and precipitate ZnO in situ. The resulting composites combined the structural advantages of engineered wood scaffold (large surface area, aligned channels, mechanical robustness) with the functionality of guest materials. This synergy enables applications in pressure sensors, thermal insulation in energy-efficient buildings, and photocatalytic dye degradation. This work established a versatile and sustainable platform for transforming renewable resources into high-performance functional composites. 

Abstract [sv]

Hierarkiska porösa material erbjuder mångsidiga funktionaliteter genom att kombinera porer över flera längdskalor, men deras kontrollerad bottent-uppsyntes är en stor utmaning. Denna avhandling presenterar en biomimetisk strategi för att framställa hierarkiska porösa mineraler och metaller genom att utnyttja trädets naturligta hierarkiska struktur. Direkt användning av trä som mall är dessutom miljövänlig och ekonomiskt fördelaktigt på grund av dess förnybara ursprung, låga kostnad och skalbara processbarhet.

En sekventiell metodik utvecklades, som började med att öka cellväggens begränsade tillgänglighet och massdiffusion i massivt trä. Detta uppnåddes först genom programmerad borttagning av cellväggskomponenter. Därefter undersöktes om-montering av biopolymererna till ett fibrilnätverk i lumen för att skapa träaerogeler med hög specifik ytarea. De konstruerade trästommen funktionaliserades därefter via metallisering eller mineralisering. Elektrolös kopparplätering gav komprimerbara, elektriskt ledande templat, medan MTMS-kondensation gav hydrofobicitet. ZnCl2 undersöktes också för att samtidigt framställa träaerogeler och utfälla ZnO in situ. De resulterande kompositer kombinerade de strukturella fördelarna med den konstruerade trästommen (stor ytarea, ordnade kanaler, mekanisk robusthet) med gästmaterialens funktionalitet. Denna synergieffekt möjliggör tillämpningar inom trycksensorer, termisk isolering i energieffektiva byggnader samt fotokatalytisk nedbrytning av färgämnen. Detta arbete etablerade en mångsidig och hållbar plattform för att omvandla förnybara resurser till högpresterande funktionella kompositer. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 73
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:5
Keywords
Hierarchical porous materials, wood, composites, cell wall nanoengineering, aerogel, metallization, mineralization, Hierarkiska porösa material, trä, kompositer, nanoteknik för cellväggar, aerogel, metallisering, mineralisering
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology Composite Science and Engineering
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375840 (URN)978-91-8106-522-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-02-27, F3, Lindstedtvägen 26, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69052367970, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 2026-02-03

Embargo t.o.m. 2027-02-27 godkänt av skolchef Amelie Eriksson Karlström via e-post 2026-02-02.

Available from: 2026-02-03 Created: 2026-01-28 Last updated: 2026-02-04Bibliographically approved

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Xu, XiaoyingGaremark, JonasRam, FarsaWang, Zhen

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