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Investigation of transaminase-based synthesis of furfurylamines
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Industrial Biotechnology. (Berglund Group)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8878-0248
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Biokatalys innebär en betydande möjlighet att förbättra hållbarheten inom den kemiska industrin. Att använda enzymer för kemisk produktion är helt i linje med principerna för grön kemi och möjliggör en snabb, selektiv och avfallssnål syntes av värdefulla föreningar. Transaminaser, i synnerhet, erbjuder potential för selektiv, hållbar och ekonomisk aminproduktion. Flera utmaningar hindrar dock deras bredare industriella tillämpning. Denna avhandling undersöker transaminaset från Silicibacter pomeroyi (SpATA) och hur dess tillämplighet kan förbättras. 

En kritisk utmaning för transaminaser är deras stabilitet, eftersom det dimeriska enzymet lätt kan dissocieras, vilket leder till en total förlust av funktionalitet. Olika faktorer som påverkar stabiliteten hos SpATA undersöktes, vilket visade att valet av buffert, kofaktorkoncentration och ljusexponering har en betydande inverkan på enzymets stabilitet. Genom att optimera dessa förhållanden förlängdes halveringstiden för SpATA till över 700 timmar.

För storskaliga tillämpningar är det viktigt att enzymerna kan återanvändas på grund av de höga kostnaderna för enzymproduktion. Därför immobiliserades SpATA, tillsammans med tre andra transaminaser, på en bärare, vilket gav utmärkt återanvändbarhet utan någon aktivitetsförlust. Dessutom var SpATA:s användning i en flödesreaktor framgångsrik, vilket ytterligare visar på dess industriella potential.

För att förbättra hållbarheten hos transaminasreaktionen undersöktes användningen av den ”smarta amindonatorn” kadaverin. Höga utbyten av föreningen HMFA uppnåddes med användning av ekvimolära mängder kadaverin och HMF. För att förbättra processens ekonomiska lönsamhet utvecklades en in-situ kaskadreaktion med lysindekarboxylas och SpATA för produktion av kadaverin.

Sammanfattningsvis presenterar denna avhandling utvecklingen av en stabil, återanvändbar biokatalysator som kan uppnå höga produktutbyten, vilket avsevärt främjar tillämpningen av transaminaser i hållbara industriella processer.

Abstract [en]

Biocatalysis presents a significant opportunity to enhance the sustainability of the chemical industry. Using enzymes for chemical production aligns closely with the principles of green chemistry, enabling a rapid, selective and low-waste synthesis of valuable compounds. Transaminases in particular offer the potential for selective, sustainable, and economical amine production. However, several challenges hinder their broader industrial application. This thesis investigates the transaminase from Silicibacter pomeroyi (SpATA) and how its applicability can be improved. 

A critical challenge for transaminases is their stability, as the dimeric enzyme can readily dissociate, leading to a total loss of functionality. Various factors influencing the stability of SpATA were examined, demonstrating that buffer choice, cofactor concentration, and light exposure significantly impact enzyme stability. Optimising these conditions extended the half-life of SpATA to over 700 hours.

For large-scale applications, enzyme reusability is essential due to the significant cost of enzyme production. Therefore, SpATA, along with three other transaminases, was immobilised on a carrier, achieving excellent reusability without any loss of activity over five reaction cycles. Additionally, SpATA's application in a flow-reactor was successful, further demonstrating its industrial potential.

To enhance the sustainability of the transaminase reaction, the use of the “smart amine donor” cadaverine was investigated. High yields of the compound HMFA were achieved using equimolar amounts of cadaverine and HMF. To improve the economic viability of the process, an in-situ cascade reaction involving lysine decarboxylase and SpATA was developed for cadaverine production.

In summary, this thesis presents the development of a stable, reusable biocatalyst capable of achieving high product yields, significantly advancing the application of transaminases in sustainable industrial processes.

Abstract [de]

Biokatalyse bietet eine große Chance, die Nachhaltigkeit der chemischen Industrie zu verbessern. Die Verwendung von Enzymen für die chemische Produktion steht in engem Einklang mit den Grundsätzen der Grünen Chemie und ermöglicht eine schnelle, selektive und abfallarme Synthese wertvoller Chemikalien. Insbesondere Transaminasen bieten das Potenzial für eine selektive, nachhaltige und wirtschaftliche Aminproduktion. Ihre breitere industrielle Anwendung wird jedoch durch verschiedene Herausforderungen behindert. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Transaminase von Silicibacter pomeroyi (SpATA) und wie ihre industrielle Anwendbarkeit verbessert werden kann. 

Eine kritische Herausforderung für Transaminasen ist ihre Stabilität, da das dimere Enzym leicht dissoziieren kann, was zu einem vollständigen Verlust der Funktionalität führt. Es wurden verschiedene Faktoren untersucht, die die Stabilität von SpATA beeinflussen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Wahl des Puffers, die Kofaktorkonzentration und die Lichtexposition die Stabilität des Enzyms erheblich beeinflussen. Durch die Optimierung dieser Bedingungen konnte die Halbwertszeit von SpATA auf über 700 Stunden verlängert werden.

Für großtechnische Anwendungen ist die Wiederverwendbarkeit des Enzyms aufgrund der erheblichen Kosten der Enzymproduktion von entscheidender Bedeutung. Daher wurde SpATA zusammen mit drei weiteren Transaminasen auf einem Träger immobilisiert, wodurch eine hervorragende Wiederverwendbarkeit ohne Aktivitätsverlust erreicht wurde. Außerdem wurde SpATA erfolgreich in einem Durchflussreaktor eingesetzt, was sein industrielles Potenzial weiter unter Beweis stellt.

Um die Nachhaltigkeit der Transaminase-Reaktion zu verbessern, wurde der Einsatz des „intelligenten Amin-Donors“ Cadaverin untersucht. Unter Verwendung äquimolarer Mengen von Cadaverin und HMF wurden hohe Ausbeuten der Verbindung HMFA erzielt. Um die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Prozesses zu verbessern, wurde eine In-situ-Kaskadenreaktion mit einer Lysin Decarboxylase und SpATA für die Cadaverinproduktion entwickelt.

Zusammenfassend wird in dieser Arbeit die Entwicklung eines stabilen, wiederverwendbaren Biokatalysators vorgestellt, mit dem hohe Produktausbeuten erzielt werden können und der die Anwendung von Transaminasen in nachhaltigen industriellen Prozessen erheblich voranbringt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. , p. 89
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:27
Keywords [en]
biocatalysis, transaminase, PLP, furfurylamines
National Category
Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352416ISBN: 978-91-8106-034-8 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-352416DiVA, id: diva2:1894233
Public defence
2024-09-27, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63781939217, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2024-09-02

Available from: 2024-09-02 Created: 2024-09-02 Last updated: 2026-01-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The Role of Buffer, Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and Light on the Stability of the Silicibacter Pomeroyi Transaminase
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Role of Buffer, Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and Light on the Stability of the Silicibacter Pomeroyi Transaminase
2022 (English)In: ChemCatChem, ISSN 1867-3880, E-ISSN 1867-3899, Vol. n/a, no n/aArticle in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Transaminases are pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes that transfer amino-functions. The transaminase from Silicibacter pomeroyi (SpATA) exhibits a broad substrate spectrum. In this work we examined the effect of different conditions (light, buffer and PLP-concentration) on the stability of SpATA, as well as the causes for these effects. The enzyme was stored either in TRIS or CHES with 0–10 mM added PLP at 22 °C. The samples were either kept dark or they were exposed to light. The results show that invariably, all samples kept in darkness exhibited longer half-life times than the ones exposed to light. An increase in the half-life from 8 h to 720 h could be achieved solely by keeping the sample dark. Especially samples in CHES buffer inactivated faster in light the more PLP was present, due to the degradation of PLP. In TRIS however, an imine-bond between TRIS and PLP protects PLP from degradation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2022
Keywords
amine transaminase, enzyme stability, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, biocatalysis, light inactivation
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-322508 (URN)10.1002/cctc.202201174 (DOI)000894188100001 ()2-s2.0-85143484334 (Scopus ID)
Projects
Horizon 2020 MSCA INTERfaces
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 860414
Note

QC 20221221

Available from: 2022-12-16 Created: 2022-12-16 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
2. Biosynthesis of Furfurylamines in Batch and Continuous Flow by Immobilized Amine Transaminases
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Biosynthesis of Furfurylamines in Batch and Continuous Flow by Immobilized Amine Transaminases
Show others...
2023 (English)In: Catalysts, E-ISSN 2073-4344, Vol. 13, no 5, p. 875-, article id 875Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Building blocks with amine functionality are crucial in the chemical industry. Biocatalytic syntheses and chemicals derived from renewable resources are increasingly desired to achieve sustainable production of these amines. As a result, renewable materials such as furfurals, especially furfurylamines like 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfurylamine (HMFA) and 2,5-di(aminomethyl)furan (DAF), are gaining increasing attention. In this study, we identified four different amine transaminases (ATAs) that catalyze the reductive amination of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) and 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF). We successfully immobilized these ATAs on glutaraldehyde-functionalized amine beads using multiple binding and on amine beads by site-selective binding of the unique Ca-formylglycine within an aldehyde tag. All immobilized ATAs were efficiently reused in five repetitive cycles of reductive amination of HMF with alanine as co-substrate, while the ATA from Silicibacter pomeroyi (ATA-Spo) also exhibited high stability for reuse when isopropylamine was used as an amine donor. Additionally, immobilized ATA-Spo yielded high conversion in the batch syntheses of HMFA and DAF using alanine (87% and 87%, respectively) or isopropylamine (99% and 98%, respectively) as amine donors. We further demonstrated that ATA-Spo was effective for the reductive amination of HMF with alanine or isopropylamine in continuous-flow catalysis with high conversion up to 12 days (48% and 41%, respectively).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2023
Keywords
amine transaminase, biocatalysis, DFF, flow synthesis, HMF, immobilization, isopropylamine, reuse stability
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-329463 (URN)10.3390/catal13050875 (DOI)000997683600001 ()2-s2.0-85160787938 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230621

Available from: 2023-06-21 Created: 2023-06-21 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
3. From Death to Life: Exploring Cadaverine for the Production of the Pharmaceutical Precursor 5-Hydroxymethylfurfurylamine
Open this publication in new window or tab >>From Death to Life: Exploring Cadaverine for the Production of the Pharmaceutical Precursor 5-Hydroxymethylfurfurylamine
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Transaminases display great characteristics for their application in the production of amines. However, their poor reaction equilibrium poses a problem. In this work we used the smart amine donor cadaverine for the transamination of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using the Silicibacter pomeroyi amine transaminase. We optimised the reaction and achieved 84 %  conversion using only equimolar amounts of amine donor and acceptor, outperforming the traditional amine donors isopropylamine and L-alanine. In kinetic studies we also investigated the substrate inhibition of cadaverine when an excess of cadaverine was used. This approach brings us one step closer to the sustainable production of amines.

National Category
Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352403 (URN)
Note

QC 20240830

Available from: 2024-08-30 Created: 2024-08-30 Last updated: 2024-09-02Bibliographically approved
4. Coupled Enzymatic Cascade of Lysine Decarboxylase and Transaminase for Cadaverine-Driven Amination
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Coupled Enzymatic Cascade of Lysine Decarboxylase and Transaminase for Cadaverine-Driven Amination
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The lysine decarboxylase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) was used to produce the smart amine donor cadaverine from L-lysine. Cadaverine was then used in-situ as amine donor in the reaction using the amine transaminase from Silicibacter pomeroyi to produce amines in high conversions without requiring an excess of amine donor. 

National Category
Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352404 (URN)
Note

QC 20240830

Available from: 2024-08-30 Created: 2024-08-30 Last updated: 2024-09-02Bibliographically approved

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Merz, Luisa M.

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