kth.sePublications
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Experimental studies of wind and aerodynamics for wind-powered commercial ships
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Aerospace, moveability and naval architecture.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8711-2966
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The wind is emerging again as a viable source of energy to propel commercial ships. This renewal is partially driven by new regulations aiming at cutting down the greenhouse gas emissions from the shipping industry, and partially by some actors who are willing to take a step towards this paradigm shift. Many different technological solutions have been developed or are under development since the past few years, some aiming at assisting the engines with extra wind energy and others aiming at vessels fully wind-powered. 

Although sailing has existed since a long time, transitioning from a tall ship or a leisure yacht to a sailing commercial vessel is complex. Some aspects of the physics of sailing are not fully understood yet, at least not when applied to ships that are so different from existing sailing ships. Large cargo vessels will require several sails or wings, to ensure enough propulsive force. The interaction effects between lifting surfaces placed so close to each other are only partially understood, and have only been little studied when it comes to arrays of wings. The impact of the hull on the flow is something rarely studied, partly because conventional sailing boats do not have such large hulls, and partly because it only matters for fast racing yachts. The interaction effects, both wing-wing and wing-hull are studied in this thesis with different methods: a potential flow numerical code, wind tunnel experiments and with a free-sailing 7 meter long model equipped with different types of sensors. 

Another question arises from the heights that wind propulsion devices reach above sea level, which are higher than any existing sailing boat, with the exception of few leisure super-yachts. The wind at these heights is partially unknown, at least offshore where ships operate. Both the evolution of wind with height and its unsteadiness have rarely been measured at heights relevant for wind propulsion. This thesis presents unique wind measurements of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over the North-Atlantic Ocean, performed from a commercial ship in operation with a wind lidar, in an attempt to provide better knowledge of the wind conditions at sea.  

In order to ensure that sailing ships will be operated in an efficient and safe manner, automation systems and control algorithms need to be developed, both for the wings and the whole vessel. These control systems will need to be able to account for all interaction effects and the unsteadiness of the wind. This thesis presents results from tests performed at sea, in real conditions, on a 7 m long scale model wind-powered car carrier, and highlights the effects of unsteadiness. The results presented in this thesis pave the way towards the development of these efficient control systems.

Throughout the thesis, different methods, with varying complexity and fidelity have been used. The results and the discussions presented in this thesis showcase the importance of mixing and combining different methods, experimental and numerical, with low and high fidelity, in order to fully understand the new questions raised by the development of sailing cargo vessels.

Abstract [sv]

Vind som energikälla för kommersiella lastfartyg är på frammarsch. Utvecklingen är delvis driven av nya föreskrifter som siktar att minska växthusgasutsläpp från sjöfartsindustrin, och delvis av aktörer som är villiga att ta ett steg mot det här paradigmskiftet. Olika tekniska lösningar utvecklas parallellt, några med syftet att stötta maskinen med extra vindkraft, och andra som syftar att driva fartyget uteslutande med vindkraft. 

Seglingskonsten är gammal, men att ta steget från en fullriggare eller en "vanlig" segelbåt till ett effektivt kommersiellt fartyg är komplext. Samtliga fysiska fenomen är inte helt utredda idag, i alla fall inte gällande fartyg som avsevärt skiljer sig från de traditionella. Stora fartyg har exempelvis behov av flera samverkande segel (eller vingar) för att få tillräckligt med drivkraft. Interaktionseffekter mellan dessa vingar, placerade nära  varandra är bara delvis utredda och har ännu inte studerats fullt ut. Hur skrovet över vattenytan påverkar flödet runt vingarna är inte heller tillräckligt studerat. Detta delvis eftersom effekten är stor bara för kappseglingsbåtar men marginell för vanliga segelbåtar som också inte har så stora skrov som kommersiella fartyg. Interaktionseffekterna, vinge-vinge och skrovet-vinge är därför en del av den här avhandlingen, där de studeras med olika metoder: numeriskt med friktionsfri strömning i simulering, i vindtunnelförsök samt i segling med en friseglande  nerskalad modell utrustad med en uppsjö sensorer. 

En annan relevant aspekt som studerats är effekten av att dessa fartyg är avsevär högre än existerande segelbåtar, med undantag för några få lyxjakter. Vindförhållanden vid dessa höjder över öppet hav är faktiskt inte helt känd. Varken hur vindhastighet och riktning utvecklas med höjden eller hur vindbyar utvecklas på dessa höjder har sällan studerats i literaturen. Avhandlingen presenterar unika vindmätningar av atmosfärens markgränsskikt över Nordatlanten utförda med vind-lidar monterad på ett kommersiellt fartyg i ordinarie tjänst.  

För att säkerställa att seglande kommersiella fartyg används på ett effektivt och säkert sätt ökar behovet av automatiska styr-/reglersystem samt algoritmer för trimning av vingarna samt hela fartygen. Dessa regleralgoritmer behöver sannolikt hantera, kompensera för, och effektivt utnyttja interaktionseffekter,  instationära vindförhållanden och sjöförhållanden. I den här avhandlingen presenteras resultat från experiment utförda till sjöss i äkta vindförhållanden men en nedskalad 7 m lång modell av ett vinddrivet biltransportfartyg. Resultaten banar bland annat vägen för ökad förståelse för ingående fenomen samt för effektiva reglerlösningar.  

Avhandlingen innehåller alltså en rad olika frågeställningar och metoder med varierande komplexitet och noggrannhet. Diskussionen och resultat visar också hur viktigt det är att i dessa tvärdisciplinära frågeställningar  blanda och kombinera metoder, experimentella och numeriska, med låg och hög noggrannhet för att få svar på frågorna som utvecklingen av seglande lastfartyg kräver svar på.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. , p. 81
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2024:44
Keywords [en]
Sailing, Wind Propulsion, Aerodynamics, Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Keywords [sv]
Segling, Vindframdrift, Aerodynamik, Atmosfärens gränsskikt
National Category
Vehicle Engineering Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352812ISBN: 978-91-8106-045-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-352812DiVA, id: diva2:1895789
Public defence
2024-10-04, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC240909

Available from: 2024-09-09 Created: 2024-09-06 Last updated: 2024-09-23Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Observation of the atmospheric boundary layer over the Atlantic and its effects for wind propulsion
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Observation of the atmospheric boundary layer over the Atlantic and its effects for wind propulsion
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Good knowledge of the atmospheric boundary layer in open seas is crucial for the development of wind-propelled and wind-assisted ships. Still, very little data is available away from the shores, and one needs to rely on modelling to estimate the wind conditions at sea. This paper presents experimental measurements of the vertical wind profile over the North-Atlantic ocean made on board a cargo ship during its normal operation. The study focuses on two aspects: the estimation of the "undisturbed" atmospheric boundary layer shape and the influence of the hull on the flow. The common practice is to describe the wind speed by using a power law, with a typical value for the exponent of 1/7 (≃0.14). The results of this study however show a significantly smaller value, around 0.035, to be representative of the predominant conditions, and highlight that the 1/7 exponent overestimates by 50% the amount of kinetic energy compared to the predominant conditions. The results also show the very large variability of the power law exponent. At the same time, the flow disturbance is clearly visible above the deck up to one or two times the hull height, with a strong dependency on the apparent wind angle.

Keywords
Wind propulsion, Sailing, Atmospheric boundary layer, Lidar, Wind shear
National Category
Vehicle Engineering Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352808 (URN)
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 101096673Swedish Transport Administration, 2018/96451
Note

QC 20240912

Available from: 2024-09-06 Created: 2024-09-06 Last updated: 2024-09-12Bibliographically approved
2. Multi-wing sails interaction effects
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi-wing sails interaction effects
Show others...
2022 (English)In: SNAME 24th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium, CSYS 2022, The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers , 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The effects of multiple wings interacting and the change in efficiency due to those effects as well as optimal sheeting angles are becoming an important area of study with the advent of wind-propelled ships for goods transport. This research presents a first analysis of wind tunnel tests carried out at the University of Southampton R.J. Mitchell wind tunnel where three wings are subject to turbulent flow with Reynolds number in excess of 1 million. A range of possible variations of ship heading and apparent wind angles are tested taking into consideration the blockage effects and the geometrical characteristics of the working section. The forces and moments are captured on each individual wing as well as in the overall wind tunnel balance with 6-components dynamometers. Furthermore, pressure sensors and PIV data are recorded during the tests to provide the experimental campaign with results that can validate both qualitatively and quantitatively the numerical tools developed to aid the design stage of wind propelled vessels.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 2022
Keywords
Reynolds number, Wind tunnels, Wings, Yachts, Blockage effects, Geometrical characteristics, Goods transport, Interaction effect, Reynold number, University of Southampton, Wind angles, Wind tunnel tests, Wing sail, Working section, Ships
National Category
Vehicle Engineering Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-325283 (URN)10.5957/CSYS-2022-006 (DOI)2-s2.0-85133658103 (Scopus ID)
Conference
SNAME 24th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium, CSYS 2022, 10 June 2022 through 11 June 2022
Note

QC 20230403

Available from: 2023-04-03 Created: 2023-04-03 Last updated: 2024-09-06Bibliographically approved
3. Unsteady pressure measurements at sea on the rigid wings of a model wind propelled ship. Part A: Measurement system development
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Unsteady pressure measurements at sea on the rigid wings of a model wind propelled ship. Part A: Measurement system development
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The in-situ measurement of aerodynamic parameters on a boat evolving in natural conditions can be challenging. Nonetheless, the development of wind assistance and propulsion for cargo vessels calls for new methods to ensure the broadest possible evaluation of the aerodynamic interaction effects between the wind propulsion units and between the units and the hull. This paper proposes an experimental approach based on a scaled model of the Oceanbird concept car-carrier sailing at sea, in real conditions. A pressure measurement system was developed at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, which consists of 66 differential pressure sensors installed inside one of the four rigid wings. The capabilities and limitations of this sensor suite are explored in this article. With the implementation of specific experiments with the wings, we show that the system can detect stall and its hysteresis loop, as well as wing-wing and wing-hull interaction effects. The main limitation for the full aerodynamic characterisation of the boat comes from the lack of simultaneous measurement on all wings, which will be addressed in a second part of this paper. 

Keywords
Wind propulsion, Sailing, Pressure measurement, Unsteady aerodynamics, Model testing
National Category
Vehicle Engineering Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352809 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 2018/96451EU, European Research Council, 101096673
Note

QC 20240909

Available from: 2024-09-06 Created: 2024-09-06 Last updated: 2024-09-09Bibliographically approved
4. Unsteady pressure measurements at sea on the rigid wings of a model wind propelled ship. Part B: in-situ aerodynamic performance measurements.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Unsteady pressure measurements at sea on the rigid wings of a model wind propelled ship. Part B: in-situ aerodynamic performance measurements.
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Reducing the impact of shipping on climate change is a must and new regulations try to enforce this. The technological development to allow for wind propulsion or wind assistance for ships are numerous and new methods need to be developed to ensure accurate performance prediction but also efficient and safe control of these ships. The interaction effects between the multiple wind propulsion units and the influence of the hull on the performance are still not well understood. The unsteady effects due to the fluctuating wind or the ship motion are seldom investigated and are also not fully understood. In this paper, we present experimental measurements of the aerodynamic performance of a 1:30 scaled model of a wind powered cargo vessel in real conditions, thus accounting for all interaction effects and unsteadiness of the wind. The results highlight the potential benefits of different trimming strategies, and also show the influence of unsteadiness on the aerodynamic coefficients and the overall performances. 

Keywords
Wind propulsion, Sailing, Pressure measurement, Unsteady aerodynamics, Model testing
National Category
Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352810 (URN)
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 101096673Swedish Transport Administration, 2018/96451
Note

QC 20240909

Available from: 2024-09-06 Created: 2024-09-06 Last updated: 2024-09-09Bibliographically approved
5. Evaluation of the flow state over a rigid wing-sail through tell-tale detection using computer vision.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluation of the flow state over a rigid wing-sail through tell-tale detection using computer vision.
2023 (English)In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Innovation in High Performance Sailing Yachts and Wind-Assisted Ships, Lorient: INNOV’SAIL , 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Tell-tales are used by sailors on boats of any size, from a small dinghy up to ocean racing mega yachts. They give information to the trimmer about the local flow conditions on the sails and hence enable optimal trimming. With the development of wind powered commercial vessels, the process of sail trimming however needs to be automated, and new sensing techniques need to be found to allow this. In this paper, we present a preliminary study of an optical computer-vision algorithm detecting the state of the tell-tales on the 7 meters long Oceanbird demonstrator developed at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. 8 cameras were recording all sides of the 4 symmetric rigid wings while sailing. In post-processing, the time series relating the state (attached or detached flow) of the 88 tell-tales (11 per side on each wing) were extracted. During the experiments, different types of manoeuvres were performed with the wings to ensure a variety of conditions where different flow characteristics are expected. The preliminary study focuses on the feasibility of the method, therefore the videos were not treated in real time and used for trimming. Results show that even with a very simple detection scheme, the method is a promising tool to understanding the flow characteristics and a potentially useful target for wing trimming in some conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Lorient: INNOV’SAIL, 2023
Keywords
Wind propulsion, Tell-tale, Tuft, Sailing, Computer Vision, Wing trimming
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352807 (URN)
Conference
The 6th International Conference on Innovation in High Performance Sailing Yachts and Wind-Assisted Ships (INNOV’Sail 2023), Lorient, France, May 29-31 2023
Note

Part of ISBN 978-2-9588124-0-9

QC 20240911

Available from: 2024-09-06 Created: 2024-09-06 Last updated: 2024-09-11Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

summary(36846 kB)26 downloads
File information
File name SUMMARY01.pdfFile size 36846 kBChecksum SHA-512
8a858a1202cba9b0ea4a1c323e715c8dc411079e89da2eca9e2ba91f47bc58e6baec737b5a99964d8503dac10191c807667bd2340af904e376bcacdbe50221d6
Type summaryMimetype application/pdf

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Dhomé, Ulysse
By organisation
Aerospace, moveability and naval architecture
Vehicle EngineeringFluid Mechanics and Acoustics

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

isbn
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

isbn
urn-nbn
Total: 245 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf