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Practical Implications of Using an Online Data-Driven Optimizer for Calcium-Treated Steels
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Process.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2076-7228
voestalpine Stahl GmbH, voestalpine Straße 3, 4020, Linz, Austria.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Process.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6127-5812
2024 (English)In: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science, ISSN 1073-5615, E-ISSN 1543-1916, Vol. 55, no 5, p. 3923-3937Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Calcium (Ca) additions during secondary steelmaking are a well-adopted practice to transform solid oxide non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) into globular-shaped liquid oxides. The claimed hypothesis that liquid NMIs reduce SEN clogging has been proven in the past by researchers. However, the exact quantity of Ca needed to transform the physical state of NMIs during steelmaking remains uncertain. Operators in the steel plant use a consistent quantity of Ca additions for specific steel grades, but this approach does not account for the varying physical states and evolving dynamics of NMI's characteristics in each 'heat'. To overcome this, a study was conducted to explore the impact of varying Ca additions on the transformation and behavior of NMIs in low-alloyed Ca-treated steel grades. The aim was to establish a more reliable and responsive approach to Ca treatment, potentially leading to more effective control in preventing submerged entry nozzle (SEN) clogging. The proposed methodology involved online monitoring of NMIs state coupled with controlled variations in Ca addition, deviating from fixed quantity, to observe its effects on NMIs state transformations. Through careful analysis of collected data and the implementation of a data-driven optimizer, this study reports the practical implications of using optimal amounts of Ca during secondary steelmaking. The resulting change due to dynamic calcium silicide (CaSi)-cored wire additions and their impact on SEN clogging were evaluated. The findings reveal the significant role of optimal CaSi wire additions, leading to improved steel castability and a notable 30 pct reduction in SEN clogging tendencies. The results obtained after the implementation of the data-driven optimizer 'ClogCalc' have significant implications for steel manufacturers, offering new insights into enhancing Ca treatment efficiency.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2024. Vol. 55, no 5, p. 3923-3937
Keywords [en]
calcium treatment, clogging, ladle refining, machine learning, steelmaking
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-354818DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03226-8ISI: 001285987500003Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85200405444OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-354818DiVA, id: diva2:1905388
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 869815
Note

QC 20241021

Available from: 2024-10-14 Created: 2024-10-14 Last updated: 2025-12-08Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Data-driven modeling for online predictions in steelmaking: To optimize calcium additions and castability in low alloyed liquid steels
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Data-driven modeling for online predictions in steelmaking: To optimize calcium additions and castability in low alloyed liquid steels
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In this work, innovative data-driven process models were designed, developed, and examined online for their application in the steel industry. The objective was to help operators in decision making during calcium additions in liquid steel and casting of steel grades which are susceptible to submerged nozzle (SEN) clogging. The developed data-driven process models were examined in a real industrial environment to demonstrate the use of supervised machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms for online predictions of specific process parameters. The adaptation of two novel data-driven decision support systems in production helped steelmakers to address the critical challenge of minimizing costly production stops caused by SEN clogging. Calcium (Ca) additions during secondary steelmaking is a well-adopted practice to transform solid oxide non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) into globular shaped liquid oxides. This practice of Ca treatment helps to avoid SEN clogging. Hence, operators in steel plants follow standard operating procedures (SOP) that detail the use of static quantity of Ca wire additions. However, these SOPs, providing a baseline for production, do not account for the dynamic nature of steelmaking processes and the varying chemistry of NMIs for each 'heat' produced. To address this gap, the impact of varying CaSi wire additions, beyond the SOP's guidelines, on the transformation and behavior of NMIs in low-alloyed steel grades was explored by developing the 'ClogCalc' decision support system. The aim was to establish a more reliable and responsive approach to Ca treatment, potentially leading to more effective control in preventing SEN clogging. The implementation of 'ClogCalc' has demonstrated a significant 30% reduction in SENclogging, as evidenced by industrial trials at Voestalpine steel plant.

Recognizing 'castability' of steel by monitoring the conditions of SEN clogging is essential for uninterrupted continuous casting. With this information prior to casting, operators can take preventive action against possible SEN clogging occurrences, thus reducing unplanned downtimes. In response to the severe implications of SEN clogging, a novel approach to forecast 'castability' of steels was introduced by developing the 'Checkcast' decision support system. The adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and long short-term memory (LSTM) network model was used as a base algorithm for estimating 'castability' of steel grade. The output of 'Checkcast' helps to anticipate the event of clogging by analyzing both the past condition of the SENs and changes in the steel chemistry during the transport of the steel from refining ladle to the tundish. The verification was conducted at the Sidenor steel plant. While the primary focus of this study was to develop data-driven process models, efforts were also made to study the foundational principles governing the SEN clogging and evolution of NMIs in studied steel grade. Laboratory experiments were also conducted on liquid steel samples obtained from steel plants. Parametric liquid windows were derived using systematic thermodynamic assessments using FactSage software. In addition, to understand the wetting characteristics at interfaces of NMIs and the SEN refractory, interfacial properties were calculated using ab-initio calculations.

Abstract [sv]

I den här studien utvecklades och undersöktes innovativa datadrivna processmodeller för en integreradanvändning inom stålindustrin. Målet var att underlätta för operatörer i stålverken att bestämmakalciumtillsatser i flytande stål, samt att ge indikationer om gjutbarheten hos stålsorter som är känsligaför ingensättning i de gjutrör (SEN) som leder stålet till kokillen. De utvecklade processmodellernaimplementerades i en verklig industriell miljö utan att förändra den befintliga IT-infrastrukturen istålverket i syfte att visa användningsområden för övervakad maskininlärning (ML) och djupinlärning(DL) av integrerad bevakning och förutsägelser. Anpassningen av dessa datadrivna modeller iproduktionen hjälpte ståltillverkarna att hantera det kritiska problemet med att minimera kostsammaproduktionsstopp orsakade av SEN-igensättning. Kalciumtillsättning under sekundär ståltillverkningär en väl vedertaget metod för att omvandla icke-metalliska inklusioner (NMIs) i fasta oxider tillglobulär-formade flytande oxider. Detta förfaringssätt hjälper till att undvika att SEN-röret täpps igen.Därför följer operatörerna i stålverket de standard operative procedurer (SOP) som föreskriveranvändningen av bestämd mängd av Ca-tillsatser för specifika stålsorter. Dessa SOP utgör en baslinjeför produktionen, men de tar inte hänsyn till ståltillverkningsprocessens dynamiska karaktär eller denvarierande kemin hos NMIs för varje ‘värme’ som produceras. För att ta itu med denna kunskapsbristutforskades i denna studie effekten av att variera Ca-tillsatser, utöver de standardiserade SOPriktlinjerna,på omvandlingen och beteendet hos NMIs i låglegerade stålsorter genom att utveckla dendatadrivna processmodellen ‘ClogCalc’. Syftet var att etablera en mer tillförlitlig och responsiv metodför kalciumbehandling, vilket potentiellt leder till mer effektiv kontroll för att förhindra SENigensättning.Resultaten efter implementeringen av ‘ClogCalc’-modellen har betydande konsekvenseri att reducera SEN-igensättning med upp till 30%.

Att känna igen gjutbarheten hos stål genom att övervaka tillståndet hos SEN är också väsentligt för enoavbruten gjutning. Med denna information före gjutning kan operatörer vidta förebyggande åtgärdermot möjliga igensättningshändelser, vilket minskar oplanerade driftstopp. Som svar på de allvarligakonsekvenserna av SEN-igensättning introducerades ett nytt tillvägagångssätt för att förutsegjutbarheten hos stål genom att utveckla modellen ‘Checkcast’. ANFIS (från engelska ‘AdaptiveNeuro-Fuzzy Inference System’) och nätverk med LSTM (‘Long Short-Term Memory’) användes sombasalgoritmer för denna modell. Utdata från denna processmodell hjälpte till att förutse händelsen avigensättning genom att analysera både det tidigare tillståndet hos SEN och förändringarna i stålkeminunder transporten av stålskänken från raffinering till gjutningsprocessen. Medan den primära fokusen idenna studie var att utveckla datadrivna processmodeller, gjordes även ansträngningar för att studerade grundläggande principerna som styr SEN-igensättning och förloppet av icke-metalliskakontaminationer (NMIs) i de olika stålsorterna. Laboratorieexperiment utfördes på flytande stålproverfrån stålverk. Det parametriska vätskefönstret härleddes genom systematiska termodynamiska analysermed hjälp av FactSage-programvaran. För att förstå agglomerations- och vätningsegenskaperna vidgränssnitten mellan NMI och stålsmältan, beräknades materialens gränsytegenskaper med hjälp av en ab-initio-metod.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 155
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2024:23
Keywords
calcium treatment, castability, clogging, data-driven, steelmaking
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-354824 (URN)978-91-8106-081-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-11-08, F3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62350179538, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Principal supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Björn Glaser, KTH

Co-supervisor: Docent Dr. Andrey Karasev, KTH

Chair at the defense: Prof. Mikael Ersson, KTH

Opponent: Prof. Qifeng Shu, University of Oulu, Finland 

Members of the grading committee         

Dr. Dmitrij Ladutkin, Saarstahl AG, Tyskland

Assoc. Prof. Valentina Colla, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Italien

Prof. Dr. Stefan Sandfeld, Jülich Forschungszentrum, Tyskland

Substitute: Assoc. Prof. Stefan Schönecker, Materialvetenskap, KTH

Available from: 2024-10-15 Created: 2024-10-14 Last updated: 2024-10-31Bibliographically approved

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Kuthe, SudhanshuGlaser, Björn

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