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Evaluation and Modeling of the Rate of Formation of Lath Martensite in Fe-C Alloys, Extracted from Ultra-Rapid Quenching Experiments
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9512-1881
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7656-9733
2024 (English)In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, ISSN 1073-5623, E-ISSN 1543-1940, Vol. 55, no 8, p. 2913-2921Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Isothermal information is rarely available for the formation of martensite in Fe or Fe alloys due to a very high rate of transformation compared to the rate of heat conduction. Such information has now been extracted for lath martensite in some sets of Fe alloys from available information on ultra-rapid quenching but only at a single temperature for each alloy, related to its two MS temperatures. The temperature dependence could, thus, be studied only on binary sets of alloys. Those results have been applied to mathematical models based on the Arrhenius equation and illustrated with Arrhenius plots. For three sets of binary Fe alloys, a large group of rates came close to the rate of an almost pure and carbon-free Fe-C alloy. It illustrated that Cr, Ni, and Ru in low contents have relatively small effects on the rate of formation of lath martensite in Fe. It also demonstrated that the present measurements have considerable reproducibility. In contrast, a set of Fe-C alloys did not give a straight line in the Arrhenius plot. Using a new mathematical model based on the concept of the Arrhenius equation to express the effect of carbon, it was possible to predict the rate of formation of lath martensite for Fe-C alloys with fixed C content and their temperature dependencies which are not available experimentally due to the very high rate of formation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2024. Vol. 55, no 8, p. 2913-2921
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-355212DOI: 10.1007/s11661-024-07445-1ISI: 001237780800002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85195087749OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-355212DiVA, id: diva2:1907834
Note

QC 20241025

Available from: 2024-10-23 Created: 2024-10-23 Last updated: 2024-11-16Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Microstructural Influences on Retained Austenite Stability in High Strength Steels and Kinetics of Lath Martensite Formation in Fe and Fe Alloys
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Microstructural Influences on Retained Austenite Stability in High Strength Steels and Kinetics of Lath Martensite Formation in Fe and Fe Alloys
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The stability of retained austenite (RA) is a critical factor for enhancing the mechanical performance of advanced high-strength steels. This study experimentally investigated the influence of microstructural factors on RA stability, isolating them from the influence of chemical composition. This is done through a comparative analysis of two-phase (RA/martensite) and one-phase (austenite) microstructures with nearly identical austenite compositions in medium-Mn steels. This approach enabled a focused examination of microstructural factors influencing austenite stability without the influence of composition. The experimental results were further correlated with a thermodynamic Ms model to determine the significance of different microstructural factors.

A major part of this thesis is dedicated to understanding microstructural factors and their influence on austenite stability. A range of characterization techniques were employed. (1) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to characterize the apparent microstructure. (2) Dilatometry and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to assess austenite stability during cooling, and (3) In-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction tensile test was used to assess austenite stability during deformation. The results showed distinct microstructure effects on the thermal and mechanical stabilities of RA, signifying the importance of the microstructural effects on γ/RA stability. 

In addition, another part of this thesis explored the kinetics of lath martensite formation in Fe and Fe alloys based on ultra-rapid cooling experiments. These experiments provided rare isothermal information on the transformation, indicating that substitutional alloying elements such as Cr, Ni, and Ru have small effects on the rate of lath martensite formation, in contrast to the behavior observed for interstitial C. A mathematical model based on the Arrhenius equation was developed to predict the rate and temperature dependence of lath martensite formation in Fe-C alloys.

Abstract [sv]

Stabiliteten hos restaustenit (RA) är en kritisk faktor för att förbättra den mekaniska prestandan hos avancerade höghållfasta stål. Denna studie undersökte experimentellt påverkan av mikrostrukturella faktorer på RA-stabiliteten, och isolerade dem från effekterna av kemisk sammansättning. Detta görs genom en jämförande analys av tvåfasiga (RA/martensit) och enfasiga (austenit) mikrostrukturer med nästan identiska austenitsammansättningar i medel-Mn stål. Detta tillvägagångssätt möjliggjorde en fokuserad undersökning av mikrostrukturella faktorer som påverkar austenitstabiliteten utan påverkan av sammansättning. De experimentella resultaten korrelerades ytterligare med en termodynamisk Ms-modell för att bestämma betydelsen av olika mikrostrukturella faktorer.

En stor del av denna avhandling är tillägnad förståelsen av mikrostrukturella faktorer och deras inverkan på austenitstabilitet. En rad tekniker användes. (1) Svepelektronmikroskopi (SEM) kopplad med elektronbackscatter-diffraktion (EBSD) användes för att karakterisera mikrostrukturen. (2) Dilatometri och röntgendiffraktion (XRD) användes för att bedöma austenitstabilitet under kylning, och (3) In-situ högenergiröntgendiffraktionsdragtest användes för att bedöma austenitstabilitet under deformation. Resultaten visade distinkta mikrostruktureffekter på den termiska och mekaniska stabiliteten hos RA, vilket indikerar vikten av de mikrostrukturella effekterna på γ/RA-stabiliteten.

Dessutom har kinetiken för lattmartensitbildning i Fe och Fe-legeringar baserat på ultrasnabba kylningsexperiment undersökts. Dessa experiment ger sällsynt isotermisk information om martensitbildning, och tyder på att substitutionella legeringselement så som Cr, Ni och Ru har små effekter på bildnings hastigheten av lattmartensit, i motsats till det komplexa beteende som observerats för interstitiellt C. En matematisk modell baserad på Arrhenius-ekvationen utvecklades för att förutsäga hastigheten och temperaturberoendet av bildining av lattmartensit i Fe-C-legeringar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2024. p. 126
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2024:28
Keywords
Medium Mn Steel, Austenite stability, Martensitic transformation, In Situ High Energy Diffraction, Ultra Rapid Cooling, Medium Mn Stål, Austenitstabilitet, Martensitisk omvandling, In-situ högenergiröntgendiffraktions, Ultrasnabba kylningsexperiment
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356530 (URN)978-91-8106-137-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-13, Sal M3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69068902394, Brinellvägen 64 A, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2024-11-20 Created: 2024-11-16 Last updated: 2024-12-06Bibliographically approved

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Kumpati, JoshuaHillert, MatsBorgenstam, Annika

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