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An investigation of the Degradation of Biodiesel Blends in a Heavy-Duty Engines using Drop-in Fuels
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines. (Scania CV AB R&D Materials Technology)
(Scania CV AB R&D Materials Technology)
(Scania CV AB R&D Materials Technology)
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7460-4232
2022 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

  One way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the current heavy-duty vehicles fleet is to replace fossil fuel with renewable fuel. This can be done by blending so-called drop-in fuels into the standard diesel fuel. However, problems such as insoluble impurities may arise when the fuels are mixed. These precipitates, known as soft particles, can cause deposits in the fuel system, e.g., injectors and fuel filters, reducing the engine´s performance. The most used drop-in fuel today is biodiesel which, is blended with different concentrations. To better understand how soft particles are formed in the vehicle´s fuel system, the degradation of biodiesel blends in the engine has been investigated. This study explores biodiesel blends´ degradation process by comparing the incoming fuel with the return fuel from a modern diesel engine to investigate how the fuel is affected by this process. The engine was run using different blends of biodiesel fuel. To investigate the degradation of the biodiesel, engine tests at low, medium, and high torque at two engine speeds was performed. Fuel samples were collected before and after the engine for comparison. The tested fuels were examined with different analytical techniques. Rancimat, ion chromatography, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and total acid number. A filtration test method was developed to collect the soft particles from the tested fuels. The results showed that fuel properties from the fuel return in biodiesel blends with high biodiesel content were more affected compared to lower biodiesel blends. For the lower biodiesel blends both the oxidation stability (Rancimat) and the filterability improved after passing the fuel system in the engine. While for the high biodiesel content, Rancimat and filterability were reduced. In biodiesels blends lower than 10%v/v, the change in oxidation stability was positive and around 30h and for B100 the change in oxidation stability was negative around 5 to 10 h. The filterability of blends with high biodiesel content showed that these fuels were more affected by different engine conditions, whereas B30 showed the highest variation in filtration time. Indicating that B30 is the most sensitive fuel. No big change was seen in the acid number for any biodiesel blends and a correlation was seen with biodiesel content. Further, the concentration of short chain fatty acid seems to correlate with the oxidation stability of the fuel. Increasing the level of short chain fatty acids, the oxidation stability of the fuel decreases.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAE International , 2022. Vol. 2024, article id 2021-01-0512
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-355981DOI: 10.4271/2021-01-0512Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85104870508OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-355981DiVA, id: diva2:1911247
Conference
SAE International, WCX World Congress, April 2022, Detroit, USA
Note

QC 20241107

Available from: 2024-11-07 Created: 2024-11-07 Last updated: 2024-11-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Internal Diesel Injector Deposits: Characterization, formation mechanisms, and replication
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Internal Diesel Injector Deposits: Characterization, formation mechanisms, and replication
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

 Heavy-duty transportation is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. One way to reduce CO2 emissions from this sector is through the use of drop-in fuels, where alternative fuels are used directly or blended with conventional fuels. However, these blends can have solubility issues, leading to precipitation of soft particles, resulting in clogged fuel filters, and disrupt injector performance, thereby reducing engine efficiency and increasing fuel consumption. As advanced fuel systems are introduced and blending proportions of alternative fuels rise to meet stricter environmental regulations, these challenges are likely to become more prevalent. Therefore, research in this area is essential, as the use of drop-in fuels is expected to grow and the associated problems are anticipated to become more common. This thesis investigates the formation of internal diesel injector deposits (IDIDs) from drop-in fuels and proposes mechanisms for their formation. The research involved characterizing deposits from field injectors and developing experimental methods to generate deposits under controlled conditions. Two experimental methods were designed for deposit generation, along with a standardized methodology for characterizing both field and laboratory-generated IDIDs. Insights from field injector analyses guided the design of test fuel blends and experiments using these new methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the composition of IDIDs varies based on the type of fuel used. Deposits from fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesel blends mainly consist of metal soaps, inorganic salts, and nitrogen compounds, likely from biodiesel degradation. In contrast,paraffinic renewable fuels, such as hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO), tend to form deposits from fuel additives such as corrosion inhibitors and detergents, likely due to lower solvent power of the fuel. Importantly, deposits formed exclusively within the injectors, highlighting temperature as a critical factor. A laboratory thermal deposit test (TDT) was developed to explore the chemistry of these deposits and the effects of temperature and fuel contaminants. Additionally, a custom-built injector rig was created to reproduce IDIDs under engine-like conditions and test injector performance. Fullengine tests were also conducted to study soft particle formation during operation. A two-layer formation mechanism was proposed, with an inorganic calcium sulfate layer followed by an organic layer of metal soaps and additives, which was successfully reproduced in the injector set up. Engine tests revealed that soft particles form during operation with higher biodiesel blends. This work emphasizes the importance of a robust fuel system capable of handling soft particles and suggests that minimizing contaminants and maintaining high fuel quality can help reduce deposit formation. These findings support the ongoing use of drop-in fuels in advanced fuel systems. Furthermore, the thesis successfully developed specific methods to address internal injector issues and created setups for studying deposit chemistry in the laboratory, including an injector test rig for evaluating injector performance, as well as engine test operations under realworld conditions. 

Abstract [sv]

Tunga transporter är en betydande källa till utsläpp av växthusgaser. Ett sätt att minska CO2- utsläppen från denna sektor är att använda drop-in-bränslen, där alternativa bränslen används direkt eller blandas med konventionella bränslen. Dessa bränsleblandningar kan dock ha löslighetsproblem, vilket leder till utfällning av mjuka partiklar som orsakar igensättning av bränslefilter och påverkar injektors funktionalitet, vilket i sin turminskar motoreffektiviteten och ökar bränsleförbrukningen. För att möta strängare miljöregler ökar blandningsproportionerna av alternativa bränslen eftersom alltmer avancerade bränslesystem introduceras. Därför är forskning viktigt inom detta område, eftersom användningen av dropin-bränslen förväntas öka och de associerade problemen förväntas bli vanligare. Denna avhandling undersöker bildningen av interna dieselinjektorsavlagringar (IDIDs) från drop-in-bränslen och föreslår mekanismer för hur de bildas. Avhandlingen behandlar karaktärisering av avlagringar från fältinjektorer och framtagandet av experimentella metoder för att generera avlagringar under kontrollerade förhållanden. Två experimentella metoder har utvecklats för avlagringsbildning, tillsammans med en standardiserad metodik för karaktärisering av både fält- och laboratoriegenererade injektorsavlagringar. Insikter från analyser av fältinjektorer har väglett designen av testbränsleblandningar och experiment med dessa nya metoder. De experimentella resultaten visar att sammansättningen av injektoravlagringar varierar beroende på vilken typ av bränsle som används. Avlagringar från biodieselblandningar med fettsyra metyl ester (FAME) består huvudsakligen av metalltvålar, oorganiska salter och kväveföreningar, troligen från nedbrytning av biodiesel. Till skillnad så tenderar paraffiniska förnybara bränslen som hydrerad vegetabilisk olja (HVO) att bilda avlagringar från bränsletillsatser som korrosionsinhibitorer och detergenter, sannolikts på grund av bränslets lägre lösningsförmåga. Viktigt att notera är att avlagringarna bildades uteslutande inuti injektorerna, vilket markerar temperaturens roll som en kritisk faktor. Ett labbtest rigg (TDT) utvecklades för att studera kemin bakom dessa avlagringar samt effekterna av temperatur och bränsleföroreningar. Dessutom skapades en specialbyggd injektorrigg för att reproducera injektoravlagringar i motorliknande förhållanden och för att testa injektorns prestanda. Fullständiga motortester genomfördes också för att studera bildningen av mjuka partiklar under drift. En bildningsmekanism har föreslagits bestående av två lager, ett oorganiskt kalciumsulfatlager följt av ett organiskt lager av metalltvålar och tillsatser. Denna mekanism också reproducerades i injektorriggen. Motortester visade att mjuka partiklar bildas vid drift med högre biodieselblandningar. Detta arbete betonar vikten av ett robust bränslesystem som kan hantera mjuka partiklar och föreslår att låga halter av föroreningar och god bränslekvalitet kan bidra till att minska avlagringsbildning. Dessa resultat i denna forskning stöder fortsatt användning av drop-in-bränslen i avancerade bränslesystem. Dessutom har detta arbete utvecklat specifika metoder för att ta itu med interna injektorsproblem och skapat nya testmetoder i labbet för att studera avlagringskemi, en injektortestrigg för att utvärdera injektorsprestanda, samt motortestoperationer under verkliga förhållanden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 72
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:54
Keywords
Fuel injection system, Soft particles, Solubility, Internal Injector Diesel Deposits, Drop-in fuels
National Category
Chemical Engineering Materials Engineering Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356000 (URN)978-91-8106-115-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-04, Kollegisalen, Brinellvägen 6, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_giKi2ds0SGaGmhSenJWAOg, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 35559-3
Note

QC 20241111

Available from: 2024-11-11 Created: 2024-11-07 Last updated: 2026-01-13Bibliographically approved

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